WPCT usubF}iGNF|j'98֛F|PuD㍚Rnq"Zvym7yݾkC TITcZTׂhQJ717%/ި3EV5YjDwcL$Dž\2Xq/ՐvԲpXe|rfrK3 59[t-_]͒: *hODJ^\c\wYrR 빌8t^j:kDyEnEřRʘV{t} }bMz Y& dw@XOA- w AO8;+tٛww/6D2"S% |~{BOHwߪ M՝]I{L#r;mk㚥 Y!TV3;Ƈl@?IZ"41btiՐ0zcs"TvR 0| 0I 0 0y 0k 0ki 0~ 0~R 0 0 0h 0" 0 0} 0 0 0Dc 0D 0D 0D/ 0Ds 0D 0D 0D? 0 0B! 0" 0" 0 # 0$ 01& 0DK'Uc@( %(r( 0#G+ 0j, 0T- 0. 0_/ 0_T1 023 0W5UN:5E6e!6 0"6 06 0gS7 07 0NQ8 08 09 0i: 0j_; 0; 0U< 0zY= 0= > 0=> 0+F? 07hK? 1? 0F@ 1A 0$BhB 0CG 0*GU:H 04IU.J 0&HJ 0&nJ 0PJ 0(K 0 L 0L 0M 0[NUNpO 0O 0BP 0P 0FQ 0Q 0|`R 0R 0pS 0SU.U 0 @U 0JV 0$ W 0D1WU.uX 0DX 0DY 0D+[ 0o\U.2b 1i`bUBb 0f c 04qc 07c 0;c 07d 09Nd 0?d 0?d 0 eU.%fU.Sf 0gf 0|f 0dg 0g 0h 0Ji 0j 0j 0Mk 0l 0l 0m 0;no 0q 0@8r 0|xrrr D+f 0W 0J AM.o{@p  0 C<ަ C4^ B$ 0P :NU@PU:VMUJU@'g 0I- AMv A 0lfU@ B*;eah C|U@ fa^ 0 T C UJ$ nU"@xfaUJ D3 0C ASUJlf. 1 1in_ 0 re   U@  m6 aM UJa U: N  UJ3 f} w@ 4 a U@ '!!!! 0####U@$NP$P$P$P$R$fC'E' D3 (U:=(U@w((aq+q+U:+ 1u+ 0c4,4,U@,,======U@>>U @?fB?B?B?D?U@@U@$AU@dAEAfBaBBBBU@CTCTCTCTCTCTCUJ3E3E3E3E3E3E}EU@GGGGGGGGGGG GaGGGGGGG7kIU@JJJJU:MU@M  N N NU@P.SPSPSSU@SSSSSSSSS SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSS#!SVV8Document[1]Document Style  @..  23  Ԁ     Ԉ V-8Document[2]Document Style 23  Ԁ   V=8Document[3]Document Style.. 23  Ԁ   V8Document[4]Document Style.. . 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XxdEWx? X  RevisedDraft00(#"US ,  / February23,1996!  (f3$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  <6X9`("Courier 10cpiZ*lev6ital, left, no #,no toc&  @'  X=2bolddashdash, bold, period..` ..` 0 ..  . ^*lev7left, no #, no toc, ul, ..d-0boldbulbullet, bold head, period..0` ..`  . 20singlsp@LiI*lev2#, bold, all cap&     23  0..  @p '  VG/*lev1#, ctr, bold, all cap   23  .    @DiI*lev4#, bold, toc&   4  23  04..4  @p '  j6fig-taboptchange figure box optionsP*lev5bold, no #, no toc&   @'  LlL*lev3#, bold, sm. cap&     23  0..  @p '  R& 8BibliogrphyBibliography0....fp2Doc InitInitialize Document Style=S A   I. 1. A. a.(1)(a) i) a)S>?@($0 ($0 0 (@$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (# `  A_ekqwDocumentDocument StyleI.1.A.a.(1)(a)i)a)jo4Tech InitInitialize Technical StyleS C   1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 .1 S  CuyTechnicalTechnical Document Style11.11.1.11.1.1.11.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.11.1.1.1.1.1.1.1x?cu2PleadingHeader for numbered pleading paper E ^ F`(  !XX&!&-XXX!X  -XX-X  -XXX--XXX-X-XXX-X-XXX-XXX?.'*dE*??.'*dE*?HH1HH2HH3HH4HH5HH6HH7HH8HH9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28  .+(e2$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  |2standard1/1, .5/.5, no jus, w/o, prestige 12 X  X    OH<p9`("Courier NewTTO    <p9`("Courier NewTTZ2auditchknew audit checklist h  X X  X CJ,xA`ArialTTC,xA`ArialTT&$1&$2tmo:LARGE HEADINLARGE HEADING FOR PCI INSTR.???CJ,xA`ArialTTC    CJ,xA`ArialTTC(&08<C :section head      6.' (p d6  fz8double linedouble line for tables6.' (d6  6.' (d6P78single linesingle line6.' (d6L0TR 12ptDtch Bld 10ptcS#4->  6Times New RomanItalicTTc  U!) `(CG TimesScalableU    #4->  6Times New RomanItalicTT`:WATER-LEVEL4WATER DOC. LEVEL 4 ^:WATER-LEVEL2WATER DOC. LEVEL2 ^:WATER-LEVEL3WATER DOC LEVEL 3 `!:WATER-LEVEL5WATER DOC. LEVEL 5..d:LEVEL1-WATERWater doc. - level 1 p6subheadingbold, underline, initial cap  j4CRITERIONBOLD, ITALICS, INITIAL CAP  b 0HEADINGSMALL CAPS, BOLD, CENTER@..  Pgg8Word222NullWord222Null  XXXC]<A $ArialTTC  XXXC]<A $ArialTTC<A $ArialTT<gg.NormalNormal  XXXC]<A $ArialTTC  XXXC]<A $ArialTTCtM 4Right ParRight-Aligned Paragraph Numbers..23  Ԁ  0..$"b\4Bullet 14Bullet for 14 point VGXXXCb<'A$ArialTTC  )^  XXXCb<'A$ArialTTC<'A$ArialTTb\4Bullet 18Bullet for 18 point VGXXXCb<'A$ArialTTC  )^  XXXCb<'A$ArialTTCb\4Bullet 24Bullet for 24 point VGXXXCb<'A$ArialTTC H )^  XXXCb<'A$ArialTTCb\4Bullet 30Bullet for 30 point VGXXXCb<'A$ArialTTC x )^  XXXCb<'A$ArialTTC6 4MACNormal            _UX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<_      #d#  XXXCg4D4A`ArialTTCS h $ I. A. 1. a.(1)(a) i) a)S   .  ,         &ggXd& US XXXWi,4 `*Times New RomanTTW            _UX` hp x (#%'0*,.8135@8:<_      #iiXd#  XXXCg4D4A`ArialTTC .  ,         &ggXd& US XXXWi,4 `*Times New RomanTTW4D4A`ArialTT$35;AGMU]c3I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a),4 `*Times New RomanTT42Footnote....20Endnote..42SMALL8PT86LARGE 13PT42FINE 6PT64SMALL 8PT<:VRY LRG 21PT<:EX LRGE 30PTh\\.HVBoldHelv Bold 11 pt + Helv 11 ptCs.> AArialTTCCt,o> A`ArialTTC.> AArialTT,o> A`ArialTTT&n1Hanging indent [1 Tab]..V&&n2Hanging Indent [2 Tabs]..` ..` V9&n3Hanging Indent [3 Tabs]..` ..`  .. VL&n4Hanging Indent [4 Tabs]..` ..`  .. ..V_&n5Hanging Indent [5 Tabs]..` ..`  .. ..h..hVr&n6Hanging Indent [6 Tabs]..` ..`  .. ..h..h..j (-n1Justified Hanging Indent [1 Tab]  ..  l1 (-n2Justified Hanging Indent [2 Tabs]  ..` ..`   lD (-n3Justified Hanging Indent [3 Tabs]  ..` ..`  ..   lW (-n4Justified Hanging Indent [4 Tabs]  ..` ..`  .. ..  lj (-n5Justified Hanging Indent [5 Tabs]  ..` ..`  .. ..h..h  l} (-n6Justified Hanging Indent [6 Tabs]  ..` ..`  .. ..h..h..  ~0RESUMESFORMATS RESUMES FOR PROPOSALS: 3/10/89'X X'  X7&dXXd7  X X  `'  !XX&!&-XXX!X  -XX-X'X X'  -XXX--XXX-X-XXX-X-XXX-X0X X0 TIMOTHYA.HALL X EXPERIENCE (continued) ( (e2$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  2c0Quick ""0 (T$0  0` (#(#0 ` (#` (#0 (# (#  h "  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  -&%X-X&@ %%-&0X000 ( X0* ddd Xdd Xdd X+(+(,D , d ,Hd ,d +  5"  5 Exhibit1.SummaryofEPAProgramNEPARequirementsandEquivalentorVoluntaryActivities (continued) XC/" 0   6X#X-X %&@e#&@ %XX-EPAProgramAreas A,!TT" ANEPARequirement A,!TT" AFunctionalNEPAEquivalent A,!((" AVoluntaryEISPolicy#X-X %&@#,/XX- [H,((" 0 6  7[ #X-X,/?#XX-CERCLA/SARA(Superfund)#X-X#,/XX- Q>& 7  QCERCLA/SARA(Superfund)(CERCLA1980asamendedbySARA1986) 6#  6 Exempt perCERCLArequirementthatEPAonly   complywiththesubstantive,requirementsofotherenvironmentallawsforonsiteresponses(seeState LL  ofOhiov.EPA). 6# 6RemedialInvestigation/FeasibilityStudy(RI/FS) 6# 6N/A R?#   7R #X-X,/8#XX-EPAResearchandDevelopmentActivities#X-X #,/XX- Q>&$ $  7  QEPAResearchandDevelopmentActivities 6#l l  6 Subject perCEQregulationsand40CFR6Sub l l  partG. 6#   6SeeNEPArequirement 6#l l  6N/A R?#l l    7R #X-X,/v#XX-EPAFacilities#X-X #,/XX- Q>&D D  7  QEPAFacilitiesConstruction 6#  6 Subject perCEQregulations(40CFR15001508)   and40CFRPart6. 6#44 6SeeNEPArequirement 6#  6N/A R?#    7R #X-X,/ #XX-OtherEPAPrograms#X-X #,/XX- Q>&dd 7  EQInternationalActivities 6# 6 Governedby E.O.12114,EnvironmentalEffects   AbroadofMajorFederalActions(asimplementedat40CFRPart6,SubpartJ)and,insomecases,NEPA. 6## 6SeeNEPArequirement 6#$ 6USAIDfundedprojects. I6#TT& E  I#X-X,/N #,/XX-AppropriationsActsmayalsoresultinNEPA ' requirements. UB*||( 0  USource:Adaptedfrom"TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActandEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyPrograms,"preparedbytheEPAWorkgrouponNEPA,October12,1993.?53,,+ 0   ?'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(e2$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  ("$ Figure    A<< cWPCP P 9513P ,, rT$}J!# "?!!        ?????   ?  !!!!""""?"?      ?  ?  ?  ?       ?  ?                          ? ?  ? ?  ? ?                                         ?  ?               ?   ?                   ?        J$??????? ''&&&&?&&&%%%%%%$$$$?$?$$$######" " "? " "  !  !  !  ! !    ?          ?  ?      ?                    ?  ??????????????  ?   ?  ?????????  ?   ? ?        ? ?     ? ?       ? ?         ? ? ? ?       ? ?            ? ?   ?       ?             ????? ?       ?        ?        ?             ?    ! #!'JLOGOA.TIF>?@($     2 "  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  X-XX-X0X000 ( X0* ddd Xdd Xdd XE(E(, , d ,A d ,d +  5"  5Exhibit1.SummaryofEPAProgramNEPARequirementsandEquivalentorVoluntaryActivities XC/" 0   6XXX-EPAProgramAreas A,!hh" ANEPARequirement A,!hh" AFunctionalNEPAEquivalent(FE) A,!((" AVoluntaryEISPolicy [H,hh" 0 6  7[ AirandRadiationPrograms,/ Q>& 7  8QCleanAirActStandardSettingPrograms 6#  6 Exempt perESECA7(c)(1) 6#  6Classificationactivitiesarefunctionalequivalent 6#  6NSPSandNESHAP N;#  8  NEPAApprovalsUndertheCleanAirAct 6#hh 6 Exempt perESECA7(c)(1) 6# 6SIP/TIPactivitiesarefunctionalequivalent 6#hh 6Notapplicable N;#   NAtomicEnergyProgram 6#  6 #-,/e#,/-Exempt onbasisofFunctional   Equivalency#-,/##--E#--,/- 6#@ @  6Analyses,documentation,andreviewprocedures 6#@ @  6Radiationprogram. R?#    7R #,/#CleanWaterActPrograms,/ Q>&p p  7  QState/TribalWaterQualityStandardsApprovals 6#` `  6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#  6Attainabilityanalysisarefunctionalequivalent 6#` `  6N/A N;#    NNonpointSourceandCleanLakesGrants 6#88" 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6## 6Notidentifiable 6#$ 6N/A N;#%   NWaterQualityPlanning 6#hh& 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#hh' 6TMDLprocessisfunctionalequivalent 6#hh( 6N/A N;#hh)   NNationalWaterQualityCriteria 6#* 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#+ 6ModificationProceduresandCriteriaMethodologiesarefunctionalequivalent 6#@@- 6N/A N;#.   ENSection404WetlandPermitReviews 6#0 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#pp1 6Section#-,/#,/-#,/4 #,/404processisfunctional pp2 equivalent 6#3 6N/A N;#pp4 E  FNSection404State/TribalProgramApproval 6#6 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#HH7 6#-,/#,/-Delegated404processisfunctional HH8 equivalent#-,/ #,/-#,/T#,/ 6#9 6N/A @-#HH: F  @MunicipalWastewaterTreatmentConstructionGrants(CWATitleII)[PhasedoutandsupersededbyStateRevolvingLoanFund] -> - Required perCWA511(c)(1);CEQ   ? regulations,40CFRParts15001508;and40CFRPart6,SubpartE -ppA -N/A -  B -N/A#-,/##--#--,/- C0  C  CNPDESPermitProgram 0HHD 0 Required perCWA511(c)(1)fornew HHE sourceNPDESpermits. 0F 0SeeNEPArequirement 0HHG 0N/A3)'HHH    3 @@I Ї@O"(continued) d  "  !XBX&!&XXX!XB  ݛXBXXXXBXXXB&&XXB0X000 ( X0*q ddd Xdd Xdd XXXq, d ,Wt +  9&  9Exhibit3.ScopingConsiderationsandExamplesofEnvironmentalJustice(EJ)Issues ZE-"   _Z9&&&&9Considerations ?*(( ?ExamplesandApproachestoEJIssues#9&&# YF*(( _  _Y TYPEOFACTION TE- _  TConnected =* =Installationofsewers(e.g.,effectsoncommunitiesaffectedby  installation,communitiesserved)tofeednewtreatmentplantdischargeisproperlyinscopeofdischargepermitaction,sinceactionsandeffectsareconnected.Thus,potentiallyaffected   communitieswouldincludethosealonglinesandservedbylines. QB*    QCumulative =*  =Potentialcumulativeimpactsassociatedwithadditive/synergistic   effectsofpollutantloadingsfromnewdischargesandexistingsourcesandreasonablyforeseeablefuturesourcescouldbesignificantissue. QB*    QSimilar =*  =Multiplesimilaractions(e.g.,permits)fordifferentindustriesin   "industrialpark"inlowincomeareacouldneedtobeaddressedinsingleEA/EIS. YF*T T    ?Y TYPEOFALTERNATIVE TE- ?  dTNoaction =* =Descriptionofexistingpopulation,environment,andsocioeconomicconditionsisnecessaryfornoactionalternative.Forpopulation, ll includeeducation,income,racial/ethnic(minority)status. QB* d  QOtherreasonablecoursesofaction =*LL =Ifdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectspossible,shouldidentify/developreasonablealternative(s)thathavelessimpactor  lessdisproportionateimpact. QB*   dQMitigationmeasures(notintheproposedaction) =* =Mitigationmeasures(e.g.,timingofactions,medicalscreening,  addedcommunication)maybedesignedinordertoaddressEJconcerns.Bothphysicalandsocioeconomicmeasuresareappropriate. YF*" d  ?Y TYPEOFIMPACTS TE-# ?  TDirect =*HH$ =Immediateandlocalimpactsonaffectedminority/lowincomeindividuals/communitieswouldbedirect. QB*&   QIndirect =*((' =Inmanyinstances,social,cultural,andeconomicimpactswouldalsobeindirect,sincetheyarelikelytooccurovertimeratherthan ) immediately. QB**   QCumulative =*+ =Havetoconsiderhistorical,current,andreasonablyforeseeablefuturecircumstancesofminority/lowincomecommunitiestoassesscumulativeimpactsofnewaction. UB*  .   USource:40CFR1508.25identifiesthetypesofactions,alternatives,andimpacts.=31` ` / 0    =&&9#&&&&#u6% dLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5>7$"Small Circle55"0  >?@J(/O  Z (CG Times RegularLevel 1Level 2Level 3Level 4Level 5<6X9`("Courier 10cpi C *  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  A.) xdEW0*A X X*4XX-XX*4X4XX*&M&&4XX*@llk  24  (`  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular) `(CG TimesScalable Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(!$ Table    A<< b&OLE 2.0 Box <=8C HKKKK(e2$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  ) `(CG TimesScalable&0 d d  !  !XBX&!&XRXX!XB    XRXXXR-XRXXXR    11    *,XX XX*0 XBXX-XR` XXBU.S.EPARegion6,OfficeofPlanningandAnalysis."ComputerAssistedEnvironmentalJusticeIndex X Methodology."July,1994.Table_Fd(/O  Z (CG Times Regular Table_B T $  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj    5    !XjXX-X!#X!XjAdistinctionmustbemadebetweenNativeAmericancommunitiesthatlivewithintheirowngovernmental X jurisdictionsandthosethatdonot.TheCEQregulationsrecognizethegovernmenttogovernmentrelationshipbetweenthefederalgovernmentandtribalgovernments,andencouragefederalagenciestoinvolvetribalgovernmentsintheNEPAprocesswhenaproposedprojectmayaffectatribeortriballands.Seesections1501.2[ApplyNEPAEarlyInTheProcess];1501.7(a)(1)[Scoping];1502.16[EnvironmentalConsequences];1503.1(a)(2)(ii)[InvitingComments];1506.6(b)(3)(ii)[PublicInvolvement];and1508.5[CooperatingAgency].NativeAmericanprogramsincludethoseFederalprogramswhicharetobeguided,asappropriate,bythegovernmenttogovernmentrelationship,theFederaltrustresponsibilitytofederallyrecognizedIndianTribes,andtheroleoftribesasgovernmentswithintheFederalsystem.  NEPAComplianceCoordinatorsshouldconsultwiththeregionalIndianProgramCoordinatorandshouldrequestthattheIndianTribesseekparticipationasacooperatingagencywhenatribalgovernment,land,resources,orinterestmaybeaffectedbyaproject.Whilesuchcasesmayormaynottriggeranenvironmentaljusticereview,EPAmustactconsistentwiththefederalgovernmentstrustresponsibilitytofederallyrecognizedIndianTribes.Eachcaseshouldbedecidedindividually;ifquestionsarisepleaseconsultwiththeAmericanIndianEnvironmentalOfficeandtheOfficeofFederalActivities.0   (# (# #-%#!##-XX%-#(f(3$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj      0  d(`  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular ),h  Z (CG Times RegularTable_G)m  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular  "  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  ݛXBXX-XXBXXXB&&XXB0X000 ( X0*q ddd Xdd Xdd XXXq, d ,Wt +  9&  9Exhibit4.ScopingConsiderationsandExamplesofEnvironmentalJustice(EJ)Issues ZE-"   _Z9&&&&9Considerations ?*(( ?ExamplesandApproachestoEJIssues#9&&# YF*(( _  _Y TYPEOFACTION TE- _  TConnected =* =Installationofsewers(e.g.,effectsoncommunitiesaffectedby  installation,communitiesserved)tofeednewtreatmentplantdischargeisproperlyinscopeofdischargepermitaction,sinceactionsandeffectsareconnected.Thus,potentiallyaffected   communitieswouldincludethosealonglinesandservedbylines. QB*    QCumulative =*  =Potentialcumulativeimpactsassociatedwithadditive/synergistic   effectsofpollutantloadingsfromnewdischargesandexistingsourcesandreasonablyforeseeablefuturesourcescouldbesignificantissue. QB*    QSimilar =*  =Multiplesimilaractions(e.g.,permits)fordifferentindustriesin   "industrialpark"inlowincomeareacouldneedtobeaddressedinsingleEA/EIS. YF*T T    ?Y TYPEOFALTERNATIVE TE- ?  dTNoaction =* =Descriptionofexistingpopulation,environment,andsocioeconomicconditionsisnecessaryfornoactionalternative.Forpopulation, ll includeeducation,income,racial/ethnic(minority)status. QB* d  QOtherreasonablecoursesofaction =*LL =Ifdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectspossible,shouldidentify/developreasonablealternative(s)thathavelessimpactor  lessdisproportionateimpact. QB*   dQMitigationmeasures(notintheproposedaction) =* =Mitigationmeasures(e.g.,timingofactions,medicalscreening,  addedcommunication)maybedesignedinordertoaddressEJconcerns.Bothphysicalandsocioeconomicmeasuresareappropriate. YF*" d  ?Y TYPEOFIMPACTS TE-# ?  TDirect =*HH$ =Immediateandlocalimpactsonaffectedminority/lowincomeindividuals/communitieswouldbedirect. QB*&   QIndirect =*((' =Inmanyinstances,social,cultural,andeconomicimpactswouldalsobeindirect,sincetheyarelikelytooccurovertimeratherthan ) immediately. QB**   QCumulative =*+ =Havetoconsiderhistorical,current,andreasonablyforeseeablefuturecircumstancesofminority/lowincomecommunitiestoassesscumulativeimpactsofnewaction. UB*  .   USource:40CFR1508.25identifiesthetypesofactions,alternatives,andimpacts.=31` ` / 0    =&&9#&&&&#'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5($     C<< c(`  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular $ ,)  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  A.) xdEWxA X @RXXX-X&Wu&XX  25   3sy5Right-Aligned Paragraph NumbersI.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a) 35;AGMU]c4I.A.1.a.(1)(a)i)a)3|=.) `(CG TimesScalable&&m P7&P) `(CG TimesScalablec P7P<6X9`("Courier 10cpileXx6X@ ;X@<p9`("Courier NewTTledp@]@,xA`ArialTTTTleixP7P,xA`ArialTTTTle??yxP7?P,xA`ArialTTTTle  nxP7 P#4->  6Times New RomanItalicTTS4-> xiQx) `(CG TimesScalableicTTO P7P<A $ArialTTScalableicTTX/x PX<'A$ArialTTScalableicTTXXx'aXa4D4A`ArialTTScalableicTTX:}D4P#XP,4 `*Times New RomanTTcTTX0}4 P$XP.> AArialTTomanTTcTT> p0'Qp,o> A`ArialTTomanTTcTTYo> P(QP* `(CG TimesScalablecTTXXw P17XP* `(CG TimesScalablecTT   P37 P) `(CG TimesScalablecTT P47P* `(CG TimesScalablecTT P57P) `(CG TimesScalablecTT^ P97P,xA`&UniversScalablecTT_xPE7P) `(CG TimesScalablecTTT PI7P,xA`&UniversScalablecTTTxPT7P(J$  !XX&!&-XXX!X   ) `(CG TimesScalableUTABLE B(`  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular<6X9`("Courier 10cpi D7X&dX&d7  '  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular ..D.E...D...D.DTU %jhTable_C*t: Z (CG Times Regular  "  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  XXX-X&`{%XX0X000 ( X0* ddd Xdd Xdd X+(+(,\ , d ,d ,d +  5"  5 Exhibit1.SummaryofEPAProgramNEPARequirementsandEquivalentorVoluntaryActivities (continued) XC/" 0   6X#XX%&`{#&`{%XXEPAProgramAreas A,!TT" ANEPARequirement A,!TT" AFunctionalNEPAEquivalent A,!((" AVoluntaryEISPolicy#XX%&`{#cXXX [H,((" 0 6  8[#XXcX?#XX CleanWaterActPrograms (continued)#XX#cXXX Q>& 8  QStateRevolvingLoanFund 6#  6 NEPAlikereviewbystatesrequiredforall    CWA212projectsreceivingfederalfunds.40   CFR35.3140. 6#LL  6N/A 6#  6N/A N;#   NNationalEstuaryProgram 6#|| 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#|| 6EnvironmentalreviewforestuarydesignationandCCMPdevelopmentarefunctionalequivalent 6#t t  6N/A N;#||   NOceanDischargeProgram 6#  6 Generallyexempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#  6#-cXe#cX-#-cX ##-XX-H#-X-XcX-#-cXH #cX-#XXcX) #cXXX301(h)and403   processesarefunctionalequivalent 6#  6N/A N;#    DNOceanDumpingProgram 6#$$ 6 Exempt onbasisoffunctionalequivalency 6#$$ 6MPRSAactivitiesarefunctionalequivalent 6# 6Oceandumpingsitedesignationsandrevisionstooceandumpingcriteria. N;#tt" D  NEffluentGuidelinesProgram 6## 6 Exempt perCWA511(c)(1) 6#$ 6EffluentGuidelinesrulemakingpackageisfunctionalequivalent 6#' 6N/A R?#(   7R #XXcX #XXSafeDrinkingWaterAct#XX#cXXX Q>&$$) 7  Q#-cX #cX-DrinkingWaterandUndergroundInjectionControl ll* (UIC)Regulations 6#+ 6SDWAproceduresarefunctionalequivalent 6#ll, 6Regulationdevelopmentprocessisfunctionalequivalent 6#/ 6N/A N;#ll0   NEPAandAuthorizedStatePermittingUICPermits 6#1 6Permittingprocessisfunctionalequivalent 6#2 6TheUICpermittingprocessisfunctionalequivalent. 6#<<5 6N/A3)'6    3#-cX#@OcX-(continued)#-cXV#Ԉ :   $  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB    9    XBXX-XԀv{7XXBSeeCEQ EnvironmentalJusticeGuidanceUndertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActpage10, X HelpfulInformationtoInformthePublicDuringtheScopingProcess.(f3$ !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  (/O  Z (CG Times Regular  !  !XBX&!&XXX!XB  ݛ   XXXX-XXXX    6    XBXX-X4{ XXB*,XX XX*0  TheIWGkeytermsguidancedescribesdifferentialpatternsofconsumptionofnaturalresourcesasrelatingto"subsistence X anddifferentialpatternsofsubsistence,andmeansdifferencesinratesand/orpatternsoffish,water,vegetationand/orwildlifeconsumptionamongminoritypopulationsorlowincomepopulations,ascomparedtothegeneralpopulation. *  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  A.) xdEW0*A X 'dxd<6X9`("Courier 10cpi*t: Z (CG Times Regular  !  !XBX&!&XXX!XB    XXXX-XXXX    7    *,XX XX*0  XBXX-X4{ XXBItshouldbenotedthatthefactorstheIWGisprovidingforassessingenvironmentalhazardwerenotnecessarilydevelopedin @ #  X thecontextofNEPAanalyses.Thesefactorsare,however,similartothefactorsusedindetermining"significant"physicalornaturalenvironmentaleffectsunderNEPA.Table_D<6X9`("Courier 10cpi3#37=CIQYag1.a.i.(1)(a)(i)1)a)(;3$2#  0  .3  0  (/O  Z (CG Times Regular  "  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  -&%X-X&@ %%-&0X000 ( X0*ddd Xdd Xdd X+(+(,d ,d , d ,d +  5"  5 Exhibit1.SummaryofEPAProgramNEPARequirementsandEquivalentorVoluntaryActivities (continued) XC/" 0   6X#X-X %&@e#&@ %XX-EPAProgramAreas A,!TT" ANEPARequirement A,!TT" AFunctionalNEPAEquivalent A,!((" AVoluntaryEISPolicy#X-X %&@# [H,((" 0 6  7[ XX-SafeDrinkingWaterAct (continued) Q>& 7  Q,/StateandTribalProgramApprovals:PublicWaterSupply   SystemsandUICPrimacy 6#LL  6SDWAproceduresarefunctionalequivalent 6#  6UICpermittingprocessandPWSSregulationimplementationstageisfunctionalequivalent 6#LL 6N/A R?#   7R ,/PesticidesandToxicSubstances Q>&|| 7  Q,/PesticidesRegulation    6#l l  6 6#  6Significantportionsofpesticideprogramarefunctionalequivalent 6#l l  6N/A N;#    NRegulationofToxicSubstances 6#D D  6 6#  6Regulatoryrulemakingprocessisfunctionalequivalent 6#D D  6N/A N;#    7NPCBPermits 6#  6 6#t t ! 6PCBpermittingprogramisfunctionalequivalent 6## 6N/A N;#t t $ 7  NNewChemicalsProgram 6#LL% 6 6#LL& 6Issuanceof5(e)ordersisfunctionalequivalent 6#( 6N/A R?#LL)   7R ,/ResourceConservationandRecoveryActPrograms(RCRA) Q>&$$* 7  7Q,/StandardSettingunderRCRA ll+  6#, 6 6#ll- 6StandardSettingprocessisfunctionalequivalent 6#/ 6N/A N;#ll0 7  NEPAPermitsforHazardousWasteFacilitiesUnderRCRA 6#2 6 6#DD3 6Permittingprocessisfunctionalequivalent(seeStateofAlabamav. 5 EPA) 6#6 6N/A3)'DD7   3@T 3 F(  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  A.) xdE0*A  -&XX-X&g &X-&EnvironmentalJusticeinEPA'sNEPAComplianceAnalyses *t: Z (CG Times Regular) `(CG TimesScalable  '  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB  XXX-X&Wu&XXA.)xdExATT\(# EnvironmentalJusticeinEPA'sNEPAComplianceAnalyses #-&X&&Wue##-XXX-&„#Ԉ X ) `(CG TimesScalable) `(CG TimesScalable(/O  Z (CG Times Regular ; $  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB    8    ݀XBXX-X4{ XXBGuidanceontheterms minoritypopulationand lowincomepopulationiscontainedinAppendixA.Table_B   *t: Z (CG Times Regular  $  !XBX&!&-XXX!XB    10    *,XX XX*0 XBXX-X4{ XXBEnvironmentalJusticeResourceCenter.PeopleofColorEnvironmentalGroups:199495Directory. X PreparedbyDr.RobertD.Bullard,ClarkAtlantaUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia.1994.(`  Z 2CG Times (W1) Regular  $  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj    2    *,XX XX*XjXX-XD.XXj0  Thetermtreatyprotectedresources,asitisusedintheguidance,includesthoseresourcesthatareprotectedbytreaty,statuteand/or X executiveorder.#-%D.##-XX%-#*t: Z (CG Times Regular Table_E  '  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  _ XjXX-X &%X XjA.)xdExA\(# EnvironmentalJusticeinEPA'sNEPAComplianceAnalyses &%% &Ԉ X  - ,)  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  _A.) xdEWxA-&%X-X'&%%-& X     0  ) `(CG TimesScalable  !  !XjX%!&+XXX!Xj    +XXX+X-XXX+X    1    *,XX XX*0  ,XjXX-X,D.X,XjThroughoutthisguidance,theterm"disproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects"isusedinterchangeablywiththelongerphrase X "disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsonminoritypopulationsandlowincomepopulations."Thisisdonepurelyforeditorialease.<6X9`("Courier 10cpi*t: Z (CG Times Regular  $  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj    3    0XjXX-X0D.X0Xj-,XX` XX-0  OnMay24,1996,thePresidentissuedExecutiveOrder13007onIndianSacredSitesto1)accommodateaccesstoandceremonialuse X ofIndiansacredsites,and;2)avoidadverselyaffectingthephysicalintegrityofsuchsacredsites.),h  Z (CG Times Regular $ $  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj    4    5XjXX-X5D.X5Xj*,XX XX*0  Forconsistencythroughoutthedocument,theguidancewillusetheterm IndianTribewhenreferringtofederallyrecognizedtribes X and indigenouspopulationor communitywhengenerallyreferringtoNativeAmerican,AmericanIndian,AlaskaNative,and/orNativeHawaiianpeoples.Underenvironmentaljustice,theAgencyspolicyistointeractwithboththetribalgovernmentonagovernmenttogovernmentbasis,aswellaswithanyaffectedorinterestedindigenousperson(s)aspublicstakeholders. ),h  Z (CG Times Regular HP LaserJet IIP,,,,0 !  !XjX%!&-XXX!Xj  _  !XjXX-X!&%X!Xj#& = XX ! Yr!%!&@O.FINAL.GUIDANCE@RFOR@=INCORPORATING@@  BENVIRONMENTALJUSTICECONCERNS@66RIN@6 6 DEPA'SNEPACOMPLIANCEANALYSES  H !7 !! Yr@N April1998  @ AU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency@EOfficeofFederalActivities@K401MStreet_S.W._Ԉ̀@vvHWashington,D.C.20460 YIEx| `P   ^@@E+-$;c,!&% !7Ԉ '%%   )''= _ &%%!&  DISCLAIMERANDACKNOWLEDGMENTS   ThementionofcompanyorproductnamesisnottobeconsideredanendorsementbytheU.S.GovernmentorbytheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.WiththetechnicalassistanceofScienceApplicationsInternationalCorporation(SAIC),t#!&%%&#&%%!&hisdocumentwaspreparedinpartialfulfillmentofEPAContract68  p WE0026,WorkAssignment72IV.ThisguidancewaspreparedunderthedirectionofanEPAWorkgroupcochairedbyArthurTottenandBillDickersonoftheOfficeofFederalActivitiesandhelpedbyKarenNorris.TheWorkgroupmembersincludedthefollowing:'X` <X'0  Region10(#(#JamesYounger$t (#(# 0  Region20(#(#JoeBergsteinn (#(# 0  Region3  RoyDenmark (#(# 0  Region40(#(#HeinzMueller;ChrisHoberg#!&%%&#&%%!& @0 0@0R (#(# 0  Region60(#(#YvonneVallette;JackFerguson#!&%%& #&%%!& @  @ L(#(# 0  Region80(#(#GeneKersey(#(# 0  Region100(#(#RickSeaborne0(#(# 0  OfficeofAdministrationand0(#(#RobM.Lee*z(#(#   ResourceManagement0  OfficeofAirandRadiation0(#(#WillWilsonP(#(# 0  OfficeofEnvironmentalJustice0(#(#AlexVarela(#(# 0  OfficeofWater  #!&%%& #&%%!&ElizabethBell#!&%%& #&%%!&4 (#(#   (AmericanIndianEnvironmentalOffice)0  OfficeofFederalActivities0(#(#MarshallCain;BillDickerson;ArthurTotten0@!0@!` `  Z#(#(# 0  OfficeofGeneralCounsel0(#(#JimHavard; @ 0@DavidCoursen;MaryO'Lone#!&%%& #&%%!& @ !  @ ! T %(#(# 0  #!&%%&#&%%!&OfficeofPrevention,Pesticides,#!&%%&c#&%%!&0(#(##!&%%&#BruceSidwell&%%!&!'(#(# 0  #!&%%&*#&%%!&andToxicSubstances#!&%%&#0(#(#z"((#(# 0  OfficeofRegionalOperationsand  AnnCole#*(#(# 0  State/LocalRelations (#(# 0  OfficeofResearchandDevelopment0(#(#CandaceCastillo%: -(#(#   OfficeofSolidWasteand  KentBenjamin 4'!/   EmergencyResponseThisguidanceisintendedtoimprovetheinternalmanagementofEPAwithrespecttoenvironmentaljusticeunderNEPA.Itwillnotbedeemedtocreateanyright,benefitortrustobligationeithersubstantiveorprocedural,enforceablebyanyperson,orentityinanycourtagainsttheagency,itsofficers,oranyotherperson.Compliancewiththisguidancewillnotbejusticiableinanyproceedingforjudicialreviewofagencyaction._  8-'6 Ѐ0X XX<0&%%!&   #!&%%&#&%%!&@KTABLEOFCONTENTS   @S Section !!(# Page #!&%%&O#&%%!&Ԉ D    >  >g0     1.0PURPOSE#""(#. (#(##1>g݌  L Ќ  ?  ?#0  0(#(#    1.10(#(#Background#""(#. .(#(##2?#>݌  ( Ќ  @  @ 0  0(#(#0 (#(#    1.1.1WhatisEnvironmentalJustice?#""(#.``I (# (##2@ (݌   Ќ  @  @ 0  0(#(#0 (#(#    1.1.2ExecutiveOrder12898#""(#.  @ (# (##2@ $݌   Ќ  ?  ?0  0(#(#    1.20(#(#Principles/PhilosophyofthisGuidance#""(#.DDJ(#(##3?݌ l   Ќ  @  @0  0(#(#0 (#(#    1.2.10 (# (#EPAActionsRequiringNEPACompliance#""(#.<<R (# (##5@݌ H  Ќ  @  @0  0(#(#0 (#(#    1.2.20 (# (#EPAReviewofProposedActionsUnderCleanAirAct309#p"p"(#.88d (# (##10@2݌ $t  Ќ  ?  ?B0  0(#(#    1.30(#(#OrganizationofthisGuidance#p"p"(#.A(#(##10?B]݌ P  Ќ  >  >@0     2.0KEYTERMSANDFACTORSFORCONSIDERATIONINEVALUATING ENVIRONMENTALJUSTICECONCERNS#p"p"(#.9(#(##10>@[݌   Ќ  ?  ?X0  0(#(#    2.10(#(#DefiningMinorityand/orLowIncomePopulation#p"p"(#.R(#(##11?Xs݌ p  Ќ  @  @g 0  0(#(#0 (#(#    2.1.10 (# (#MinorityandMinorityPopulation#p"p"(#.M (# (##15@g ݌ L Ќ  @  @x!0  0(#(#0 (#(#    2.1.20 (# (#LowIncomePopulation#p"p"(#.B (# (##16@x!!݌ (x Ќ  ?  ?~"0  0(#(#    2.20(#(#ConsideringEffects#p"p"(#.,,7(#(##18?~""݌ T Ќ  @  @r#0  0(#(#0 (#(#    2.2.10 (# (#DisproportionatelyHighandAdverseEffects#p"p"(#.X (# (##18@r##݌ 0 Ќ  @  @$0  0(#(#0 (#(#    2.2.20 (# (#CumulativeandIndirectEffects#p"p"(#.L (# (##18@$$݌   Ќ  @  @%0  0(#(#0 (#(#    2.2.30 (# (#EnvironmentalExposure#p"p"(#.C (# (##20@%%݌  Ќ  ?  ?&0  0(#(#    2.30(#(#SummaryofFactorstoConsiderinEnvironmentalJusticeAnalyses#p"p"(#.d(#(##21?&&݌ t Ќ  >  >'0     3.0INCORPORATINGENVIRONMENTALJUSTICEINTOTHENEPAPROCESS#p"p"(#.Q(#(##27>''݌ ,| Ќ  ?  ?(0  0(#(#    3.10(#(#OverviewoftheNEPAProcess#p"p"(#.@(#(##27?((݌ X Ќ  ?  ?)0  0(#(#    3.20(#(#IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsintothisProcess#p"p"(#.b(#(##29?))݌ 4 Ќ  @  @*0  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.10 (# (#EnvironmentalJusticeScreeningAnalysis#p"p"(#.U (# (##29@**݌  Ќ  @  @+0  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.20 (# (#EnvironmentalJusticeandtheDeterminationofSignificance#p"p"(#.h (# (##31@+,݌  Ќ  @  @-0  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.30 (# (#_Scoping_ԀandPlanning#p"p"(#.A (# (##32@-1-݌ x Ќ    ;.0  0(#(#0 (#(#0 (# (#   3.2.3.1IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsintoEADevelopment#p"p"(#. u (# (##32;.V.݌ T  Ќ    o/0  0(#(#0 (#(#0 (# (#   3.2.3.2IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsinEIS_Scoping_#p"p"(#.p (# (##33o//݌ 0!  Ќ  @  @00  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.40 (# (#IdentificationofAffectedResources#p"p"(#.((Q (# (##34@00݌  "\! Ќ  @  @10  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.50 (# (#IdentificationofAlternatives#p"p"(#.K (# (##34@11݌ "8" Ќ  @  @20  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.60 (# (#PredictionofEnvironmentalConsequences#p"p"(#.U (# (##35@22݌ ## Ќ  @  @30  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.70 (# (#MitigationMeasures#p"p"(#.@ (# (##37@34݌ $$ Ќ  @  @40  0(#(#0 (#(#    3.2.8 Decisions#p"p"(#. 6 (# (##38@45݌ |%% Ќ  >  >50     4.0PUBLICPARTICIPATION#p"p"(#.LL-(#(##38>5 6݌ 4'!' Ќ  ?  ?60  0(#(#    4.10(#(#PublicParticipationUnderNEPA#p"p"(#.xxC(#(##39?66݌ (`"( Ќ  ?  ?70  0(#(#    4.20(#(#MechanismstoEnhanceParticipation#p"p"(#.G(#(##40?77݌ (<#) Ќ  >  >80     5.0METHODSANDTOOLSFORIDENTIFYINGANDASSESSING DISPROPORTIONATELYHIGHANDADVERSEEFFECTS#p"p"(#.F(#(##44>88݌ +%, Ќ  ?  ?90  0(#(#    5.10(#(#_Locational_/DistributionalTools#p"p"(#.||C(#(##46?99݌ \,&- Ќ  ?  ?:0  0(#(#    5.20(#(#EcologicalandHumanHealthRiskAssessments#p"p"(#.\\P(#(##48?:;݌ 8-'. Ќ  ?  ? <0  0(#(#    5.30(#(#SocioeconomicAnalyses#p"p"(#.:(#(##50? <'<݌ .d(/ Ќ  _ [  LISTOFEXHIBITS h  %=0XCX 0Exhibit1.0 C SummaryofEPAProgramNEPARequirementsandEquivalentor0@s 0@sVoluntaryActivities#""(#.3!3!qC(#C(##7  p #!&%%&#&%%!&Exhibit2.0 C SummaryofFactorstoConsiderinEnvironmentalJusticeAnalysis#@"@"(#.WWbC(#C(##20#!&%%&>#&%%!&Ԉ  L Exhibit3.0 C #!&%%&F?#&%%!&ScopingConsiderationsandExamplesofEnvironmentalJusticeIssues#@"@"(#.CCeC(#C(###!&%%&?#&%%!&Ԁ3.6..4.  ( #!&%%&\@#&%%!&Exhibit4.0 C #!&%%&@#&%%!&CommunicationsIssuesRaisedbyLowIncomeand/orMinorityCommunities#@"@"(#.[[hC(#C(###!&%%&$A#&%%!&Ԁ4.3....1...0..   #!&%%&A#&%%!&   APPENDICES  #!&%%&_B#AppendixARegionalContactsp"p"(#. 153 H  AppendixBReferencesp"p"(#. *55 $t  &%%!&  ,  #!&%%&fC#33    1.0PURPOSE C   C3X$ XC3   $ OnFebruary11,1994,PresidentClintonissuedExecutiveOrder12898, FederalActionstoAddressEnvironmentalJusticeinMinorityPopulationsandLowIncomePopulations.ThisExecutiveOrderisdesignedtofocustheattentionoffederalagenciesonthehumanhealthandenvironmentalconditionsinminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities.Itrequiresfederalagenciestoadoptstrategiestoaddressenvironmentaljusticeconcernswithinthecontextofagencyoperations.InanaccompanyingPresidentialmemorandum,thePresidentemphasizesexistinglaws,includingtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(NEPA)shouldprovideopportunitiesforfederalagenciestoaddressenvironmentalhazardsinminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities.InAprilof1995,theU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA)releasedthedocumenttitled EnvironmentalJusticeStrategy:ExecutiveOrder12898."ThedocumentdefinestheapproachesbywhichEPAwillensurethatdisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsonminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitiesareidentifiedandaddressed.ItestablishesAgencywidegoalsforAmericanIndian,AlaskaNative,andotherindigenouspeoples(e.g.,NativeHawaiian).ItalsoestablishesAgencywidegoalsforenvironmentalprotection,andlistsactionstheEPAwouldtaketoincorporateenvironmentaljusticeintoitsmission. $ InAugust1997,theEPAOfficeofEnvironmentalJusticereleasedthe EnvironmentalJusticeImplementationPlan.TheImplementationPlansupplementstheEPAenvironmentaljusticestrategy.Itprovidesestimatedtimeframesforundertakingrevisions,identifyingtheleadagentsanddeterminingthemeasuresofsuccessforeachactionitem.SeveralEPAofficesaredevelopingmorespecificplansandguidancetoimplementExecutiveOrder12898andthisAgencywidestrategy. $ ThisdocumentservesasaguidancetoincorporateenvironmentaljusticegoalsintoEPA'spreparationofenvironmentalimpactstatements(EISs)andenvironmentalassessments(EAs)underNEPA.TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969(42U.S.C.4321etseq.)servesastheNation'sbasicenvironmentalprotectioncharter.AprimarypurposeofNEPAistoensurethatfederalagenciesconsidertheenvironmentalconsequencesoftheiractionsanddecisionsastheyconducttheirrespectivemissions.For"majorFederalactionssignificantlyaffectingthequalityofthehumanenvironment,"thefederalagencymustprepareadetailedenvironmentalimpactstatement(EIS)thatassessestheproposedactionandallreasonablealternatives.EISsarerequiredtobebroadinscope,addressingthefullrangeofpotentialeffectsoftheproposedactiononhumanhealthandtheenvironment.RegulationsestablishedbyboththeCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality(CEQ)andEPArequirethatsocioeconomicimpactsassociatedwithsignificantphysicalenvironmentalimpactsbeaddressedintheEIS. $ EnvironmentalassessmentshavealsobecomeveryimportantcomponentsoftheNEPAprocess.Originallyintendedtoserveasamechanismfordeterminingwhetheranagency'sactionwassignificant,therebymeritinganEIS,EAsareimportantanalysesontheirown.Asamatterofpolicy,EAscompletedbyEPAregularlyaddresssocioeconomiceffectsassociatedwithenvironmentalimpactsofAgencyactions. -('  $ ThepurposeofthisguidanceistoassistEPAstaffresponsiblefordevelopingEPANEPAcompliancedocumentation,includingEISsandEAs,inaddressingaspecificconcernthatofenvironmentaljustice.Becauseanalyzingandaddressingenvironmentaljusticemayassistindeterminingthedistributionaleffectsofenvironmentalimpactsoncertainpopulations,itisentirelyconsistentwiththeNEPAprocess.Thisguidanceisintendedto:0 $ 0$(#$(#0(#(#heightenawarenessofEPAstaffinaddressingenvironmentaljusticeissueswithinNEPAanalyses  * andconsideringthefullpotentialfordisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsonminoritypopulationsandlowincomepopulations; (#(# 0 $ 0$(#$(#0(#(#presentbasicproceduresforidentifyinganddescribingjuncturesintheNEPAprocesswhere F  environmentaljusticeissuesmaybeencountered; (#(# 0 $ 0$(#$(#presentproceduresforaddressingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstoevaluate @T alternative  [  actions,and; (#(#  $   0  presentmethodsforcommunicatingwiththeaffectedpopulationthroughouttheNEPAprocess. p(#(# Asseenthroughoutthisguidancedocument,environmentaljusticeissuescanbeandshouldbeanalyzedandaddressedusingmanyofthesametoolscurrentlyintrinsictotheNEPAprocess.  1.10 $ Background X C$(#$(#   1.1.1WhatisEnvironmentalJustice? X  Q  $ EnvironmentalJusticehasbeendefinedbyavarietyoforganizationsinterestedinthetopic.EPA'sOfficeofEnvironmentalJusticeoffersthefollowingdefinition:338 $ "Thefairtreatmentandmeaningfulinvolvementofallpeopleregardlessofrace,color,national t" origin,orincomewithrespecttothedevelopment,implementation,andenforcementofenvironmentallaws,regulations,andpolicies.Fairtreatmentmeansthatnogroupofpeople,includingracial,ethnic,orsocioeconomicgroupshouldbearadisproportionateshareofthenegativeenvironmentalconsequencesresultingfromindustrial,municipal,andcommercialoperationsortheexecutionoffederal,state,local,andtribalprogramsandpolicies."33 $!$!  $ Thegoalofthis"fairtreatment"isnottoshiftrisksamongpopulations,buttoidentifypotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsandidentifyalternativesthatmaymitigatetheseimpacts.  1.1.2ExecutiveOrder12898 j]  +3&&   ,:''  $ ExecutiveOrder12898anditsaccompanyingmemorandumhavetheprimarypurposeofensuringthat "eachFederalagencyshallmakeachievingenvironmentaljusticepartofitsmissionbyidentifyingandaddressing,asappropriate,disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsofitsprograms,policies,andactivitiesonminoritypopulationsandlowincomepopulations...")   1      ׀TheExecutive  OrderalsoexplicitlycalledfortheapplicationofequalconsiderationforNativeAmericanprograms.Tomeetthesegoals,theOrderspecifiedthateachagencydevelopanagencywideenvironmentaljusticestrategy. $ ThePresidentialMemorandumthataccompaniedtheExecutiveOrdercallsforavarietyofactions.FourspecificactionsweredirectedatNEPArelatedactivities,including:?X$O X$ ?33 $ 1.8 O Eachfederalagencymustanalyzeenvironmentaleffects,includinghumanhealth,economic, F  andsocialeffects,offederalactions,includingeffectsonminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities,whensuchanalysisisrequiredbyNEPA. O O   $ 2.0 O MitigationmeasuresoutlinedoranalyzedinEAs,EISs,orRecordsofDecision(RODs),whenever f  feasible,shouldaddresssignificantandadverseenvironmentaleffectsofproposedfederalactionsonminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities. O(#O(#  $ 3.0 O EachfederalagencymustprovideopportunitiesforcommunityinputintheNEPAprocess,including & identifyingpotentialeffectsandmitigationmeasuresinconsultationwithaffectedcommunitiesandimprovingaccessibilityofpublicmeetings,officialdocuments,andnoticestoaffectedcommunities. O(#O(#  $ 4.0 O Inreviewingotheragencies'proposedactionsunderSection309oftheCleanAirAct,EPAmust F ensurethattheagencieshavefullyanalyzedenvironmentaleffectsonminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities,includinghumanhealth,social,andeconomiceffects.33 O(#O(# ?X$ X$O ? $ Asnotedearlier,thepurposeofthisguidanceistoassistEPApersonnelinidentifyingandevaluatingdisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsinminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitieswithinthecontextofNEPAdocumentspreparedbyEPAforactionswhichEPAcomplieswiththeproceduralrequirementsofNEPA(e.g.,researchanddevelopmentactivities,facilitiesconstruction, !!q wastewatertreatmentconstructiongrants,EPAissuedNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)permitsfornewsources,andprogramsundertheEPAVoluntaryNEPACompliancePolicy),includinginstanceswhereEPAsatisfiesitsNEPAcomplianceobligationasacooperatingagency.ItisalsomeanttoimprovetheaffectedcommunitiesaccesstotheNEPAprocess.  1.20 $ Principles/PhilosophyofthisGuidance j K'!#$(#$(#   R("$  $ ThisguidancehighlightsimportantwaysinwhichEPApreparedNEPAdocumentationmayhelptoidentifyandaddressEJconcerns.Therationaleandassociatedimplicationsoftheguidancewillbedescribedintheremainderofthisdocument.Thissectionprovidesasummarylistingofthemajorimplications. <'ww g X$ <  0  EPAofficialsshouldbevigilantinidentifyingwhereEPAactionsmayhavedisproportionatelyhigh   andadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities. (#(#   0  Identificationshouldoccurasearlyaspossible,preferablyduringanyinitialscreeningexercise.The  * screeningexerciseshouldidentifythepresenceofminorityorlowincomecommunitiesandwhethersuchcommunitiesarelikelytoexperienceadverseenvironmentalorhumanhealtheffectsasaresultofproposedEPAactions. (#(#   0  Thesensitivitytoenvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldsharpenthefocusoftheanalysis.Whilethe M  analyticaltoolstobeusedaresimilar,theanalysisshouldfocusbothontheoverallaffectedareaandpopulationandonsmallerareasand/orcommunitieswithintheaffectedarea. (#(#   0  ItisdesirablethatEPANEPAanalyststaskedwithidentifyingandaddressingenvironmentaljustice i issuesworkasateam.Thisteamshouldbecomprisedofaninterdisciplinarystaffthatincludesindividualsfamiliarwithenvironmentaljusticeissues,publicparticipationmechanismsandoutreachstrategies,NativeAmericanconcernsandissuesandwhoareexperiencedintheriskassessmentprocess.Additionally,theteamshouldconsultwithEPAsRegionalEnvironmentalJusticecoordinators(refertoAppendixA),whoarevaluableresourcesinidentifyinglocalcommunitygroupsamongotherfunctions. (#(# Ѐ  0  Whereproposedactionsmayaffecttriballandsorresources(e.g.,treatyprotectedresources   2      ,cultural Q resourcesand/orsacredsites-   3      )EPAwillrequestthattheaffectedIndianTribe1   4      ׀seektoparticipateas X acooperatingagency(40CFR1508.5).Wheredifferencesoccurregardingthepreferredalternativeormitigationmeasuresthatwillaffecttriballandsorresources,theaffectedIndianTribemayrequestthatadisputeresolutionprocessbeinitiatedtoresolvetheconflictbetweenthetribeandtheAgency. (#(#   0  Environmentaljusticeconcernsmayleadtomorefocusedanalyses,identifyingsignificanteffectsthat {# mayotherwisehavebeendilutedbyexaminationofalargerpopulationorarea.Environmentaljusticeconcernsshouldalwaystriggertheseriousevaluationofalternativesaswellasmitigationoptions. (#(#  &    0  Identifyingthe"affectedcommunity"isparticularlyimportant.Theeffectsoftheproposedactionwill  oftenvarydependingonthedistanceoftheaffectedcommunityfromtheactionandthetypeofeffectcreatedbytheaction(e.g.,airborneorwaterbornepollution,increasedtraffic,etc.).Effectsonthe  communityshouldbediscussedintermsofreasonableincrementsfromthesiteoftheaction. (#(#   0  Communityinvolvementisparticularlyimportantincasesinvolvingpotentialenvironmentaljustice  # issues.EarlyandsustainedcommunicationswiththeaffectedcommunitythroughouttheNEPAprocessisanessentialcomponentofenvironmentaljustice. (#(#   0  Formeaningfulcommunityinvolvementtobeachievedincircumstanceswhereenvironmentaljustice ?  isanissue,technicalassistancesuppliedbyEPAshouldbeavailabletothecommunitytoassistintheirfullparticipation(e.g.,interpretationofscientificdocuments,developmentofalternativesormitigationmeasures). (#(#   0  EISsandRODs,andEAsandFONSIs(FindingofNoSignificantImpact)shoulddocumentthe b analysesusedtoidentifythepresenceorabsenceofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsandpresenttheresultsofthoseanalyses.TheRODandtheFONSIshoulddocumenttheconclusionoftheseanalyses(i.e.,whethertheactionwillorwillnothaveadisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities)anddescribeanymitigationthatwillbeundertakentoavoidorminimizesucheffects. (#(#   1.2.10  EPAActionsRequiringNEPACompliance u C(#(#   EPAisrequiredtocomplywithNEPAforitsresearchanddevelopmentactivities,facilitiesconstruction,wastewatertreatmentconstructiongrantsunderTitleIIoftheCleanWaterActandundercertainAppropriationsActs,andEPAissuedNationalPollutantDischargeEliminationSystem(NPDES)permitsfornewsourcessubjecttonewsourceperformancestandards.TheAgencyisexemptedbystatuteforactionstakenundertheCleanAirActandformostCleanWaterActprograms.TheComprehensiveEnvironmentalResponse,Compensation,andLiabilityAct(CERCLA),requiresEPAtocomplyonlywiththesubstantive,nottheprocedural,requirementsofotherenvironmentallawsforonsiteresponses.InthecaseofotherEPAprograms,thecourtshavefoundEPAprocedurestobe"functionallyequivalent"totheNEPAprocessandthereforetheseEPAprogramsareexemptfromNEPAproceduralrequirements.Also,EPAvoluntarilypreparesEISsforanumberofactionspursuanttoalongstandingstatementofAgencypolicy.  Exhibit1identifiesEPA'smajorprogramareasandindicateswhichactionsaresubjecttoNEPA,whichCongresshasexemptedfromNEPA,whichhavebeenfoundtobefunctionallyequivalenttoNEPA,andwhichreceiveNEPAlikeanalyses.ThisguidanceisapplicablesolelytoEPAprogramsandactionssubjecttoNEPAandnotthoseidentifiedas functionallyequivalentinExhibit1.However,thisshouldnotprecludeitsuseasreferencewhere functionallyequivalentprogramsoractionsprocessesmaybenefitfromtheinformationcontainedtherein. -(' Ї>_OKz|  xe% p @X@Ex)S'xx)   YIEx| "2x) p @XEx)S'xx) (#(#                                        -(' B ,Xw !'ww BTD@x , x) p @XEx)S'xx) (#(#                                        -(' YIEx| "x) p @XEx)S'xx) (#(#                                        -('  1.2.20  EPAReviewofProposedActionsUnderCleanAirAct309 a (#(#   Asaresultof309oftheCleanAirAct,EPAhasakeyroleintheoverallimplementationofNEPA.Specifically,309mandatesthatEPA"reviewandcommentinwritingontheenvironmentalimpactofanymatterrelatingtodutiesandresponsibilitiesgrantedpursuanttothischapterorotherprovisionsoftheauthorityoftheAdministrator,containedinany(1)legislationproposedbyanyfederaldepartmentoragency,(2)newlyauthorizedfederalprojectsforconstructionandanymajorfederalagencyaction(otherthanaprojectforconstruction)towhichSection4332(2)(C)ofthistitleapplies[subjecttoSection102(2)(C)ofNEPA],and(3)proposedregulationspublishedbyanydepartmentoragencyoftheFederalgovernment.Suchwrittencommentshallbemadepublicattheconclusionofanysuchreview"(42U.S.C.7609(a)).  Inconducting309reviews,EPAisfurtherdirectedbythePresidentialMemorandumthataccompaniedExecutiveOrder12898toensurethatagenciesfullyanalyzeenvironmentaleffectsoftheirproposedactionsonminorityandlowincomecommunities,includinghumanhealth,social,andeconomiceffects.Asaresultofboth309andthePresidentialMemorandum,EPAisabletoassistotherfederalagenciesinevaluatingproposedactionsthataresubjecttoNEPAbyidentifyingpossibleenvironmentaljusticeconcernsthatmayresultfromsuchactionsandbyofferingalternativesolutionsandmitigationmeasuresforunavoidableimpacts.   AlthoughmentionismadehereofEPA'sresponsibilitiesunder309,thisdocumentisnotintended .~ toprovideguidancefor309reviews.EPAs309guidanceshouldbeusedforthatpurpose.ThisguidancesupplementstheCouncilonEnvironmentalQualitys EnvironmentalJusticeGuidanceUnder < theNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActandistailoredtoEPAsconductinactionsforwhichEPAmust C complywithNEPAandwhereEPAhasjurisdictionasacooperatingagency.ItdoesnotprovideguidancerelatedtootherfederalagenciesactionsorforEPA'sreviewofotherfederalagencies'EISs.  Q Ѐ  1.30  OrganizationofthisGuidance  k (#(#   Theremainderofthisguidanceisorganizedasfollows: Chapter2 describeskeyenvironmentaljustice y" termsandfactorsandtheapplicationofthekeydefinitionsandfactorsinthecontextofstandardNEPAanalyses; Chapter3 describeskeystepsintheNEPAprocess,includingbothEISsandEAs,whereanalyses $ ofenvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbeincorporated; Chapter4 discussespublicparticipationapproaches % ofdirectrelevancetominorityand/orlowincomecommunities;and Chapter5 providesabriefoverviewof &  methodologicaltoolsthatcanbeusedtoidentifyandassesspotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects. -*('   @RR62.0KEYTERMSANDFACTORSFORCONSIDERATIONINEVALUATING  @ DENVIRONMENTALJUSTICECONCERNS C     ThepurposeofthissectionistointroducekeytermsandconceptstoheightentheEPAanalyst'sawarenessofhowdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsmaybeidentified.ThediscussionisbasedonguidancepreparedbyataskforceoftheInteragencyWorkingGrouponEnvironmentalJustice(IWG).TheIWGwascreatedbyExecutiveOrder12898andiscomprisedoftheheads(orrepresentatives)of17departmentsandagencies.  TheidentificationandanalysisofdisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsonminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitiesshouldoccurthroughouttheNEPAprocess,fromtheinitialphasesofthescreeninganalysisthroughtheconsiderationandcommunicationofallalternativesandassociatedmitigationtechniques.  InconductinganEPANEPAanalysisthatissensitivetoenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,theinterdisciplinaryteamofEPANEPAanalystsshouldhaveanunderstandingofkeytermscentraltoenvironmentaljusticeandshouldunderstandwhatfactorsneedtobeconsideredtoensurethatallrelevantconcernsareidentifiedandevaluatedinadirectandexplicitmanner.Theteamshouldincludeexpertsfamiliarwithavailableandappropriatepublicparticipationproceduresandstrategiesand,wheresuchconcernsmayarise,individualsfamiliarwiththeuniqueconcernsofNativeAmericanTribesandpopulations.Developingakeensensitivitytopotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandmodifyingthescopeoftheanalysiscanhaveadramaticimpactonwhetherenvironmentaljusticeconcernsareidentifiedandaddressedadequatelyandappropriately.Therefore,theEPANEPAanalystmustbesensitivetowhatissuesandfactorstolookfortoavoidthepossibilitythatdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsmaybeinadvertentlymissed,incorrectlycharacterized,orinappropriatelyminimized.Soastoavoidpotentialoversightsofenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,theEPANEPAanalystshouldworkcloselywiththeaffectedcommunityindraftinganEISorEA,andwherethecommunitysconcernswarrant,EPAshouldformalizethisinteraction(e.g.,communityadvisoryboards).3333  AppendixAincludestheCouncilonEnvironmentalQualitys(CEQs) EnvironmentalJusticeGuidanceUndertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActwhichincorporatestheIWGdevelopedguidanceonkeytermsinExecutiveOrder12898thatarepertinenttoenvironmentaljusticeanalyses.Thatguidancewasdevelopedtoassistfederalagenciesinconductinganalysesofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsoftheirprograms,policies,andactivities.Theguidanceisnotstaticbutprovidesforinformedjudgmentineverycase;thismeansthatEPANEPAanalystswillneedtomakecarefuldecisionstoensurethatenvironmentaljusticeconcernsareidentifiedandaddressed.  Theremainderofthischapterisorganizedintotwosections.Thefirstsectionaddressestermsthatshouldbeconsideredinidentifyingtheexistenceofminoritycommunitiesorlow-incomecommunities.Thesecond sectionidentifiesfactorsthatoftenareassociatedwithdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects,including -'' cumulativeandindirectimpacts,onminorityorlow-incomemembersofthelargercommunity.MethodologicalapproachesforconductinganalysesappearinChapter5. 33  2.10  DefiningMinorityand/orLowIncomePopulation 33 (#(#   Thepurposeofthissectionistoassisttheanalystindeterminingwhetherthereisaminoritycommunityorlow-incomecommunitythatmaybeaddressedinthescopeofEPAsNEPAanalysis.  2.1.10  MinorityandMinorityPopulation L  8(#(#   ThefirstpartoftheguidanceonminoritypopulationprovidedbytheIWGprovidesanumericmeasure:over50percentoftheaffectedarea.TheremainderoftheguidancecallsfortheanalysttousehisorherbestjudgmentinevaluatingthepotentialforEJconcerns.ItisimportantthattheEPANEPAanalystconsiderboththecircumstancesofanygroupsresidingwithintheaffectedarea,aswellasthepercentageoftheaffectedcommunitythatiscomposedofminoritypeoples.Withinitsguidance,theIWGexplainsthataminoritypopulationmaybepresentiftheminoritypopulationpercentageoftheaffectedareais"meaningfullygreater"thantheminoritypopulationpercentageinthegeneralpopulationorother"appropriateunitofgeographicanalysis."Theterm affectedarea,althoughnotdefinedbytheguidance,shouldbeinterpretedasthatareawhichtheproposedprojectwillormayhaveaneffecton.TheIWGguidancealsoadvisesagenciesnotto"artificiallydiluteorinflate"theaffectedminoritypopulationwhenselectingtheappropriateunitofgeographicanalysis.Clearly,akeyelementhereistheselectionoftheappropriatelevelofgeographicanalysis;thatis,selectingacomparisonpopulationtowhichthepopulationintheaffectedareawillbecomparedtoidentifyifthereare"meaningfullygreater"percentages.Theselectionoftheappropriateunitofgeographicanalysismaybeagoverningbodysjurisdiction,aneighborhoodcensustract,orothersimilarunit.Thisisdonetopreventartificialdilutionorinflationoftheaffectedminoritypopulation.InanEPANEPAanalyses,theanalystshouldusethepotentiallyaffectedpopulationundervariousalternativesasabenchmarkforcomparisonwhereverpossible.Inaddition,asimpledemographiccomparisontothenextlargergeographicareaorpoliticaljurisdictionshouldbepresentedtoplacepopulationcharacteristicsincontextandallowtheanalysttojudgewhetheralternativesadequatelydistinguishamongpopulations.Forexample,allpreliminarylocationsforaprojectcouldfallinminorityneighborhoods,therefore,acomparisonamongthemwouldnotrevealanypopulationdifferences.Consequently,anadditionalalternativewouldbenecessarytoallowanydisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstobeidentified.  Thefactthatcensusdatacanonlybedisaggregatedtocertainprescribedlevels(e.g.,censustracts,census ("" blocks)suggeststhatpocketsofminorityorlow-incomecommunities,includingthosethatmaybeexperiencingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects,maybemissedinatraditionalcensustract-basedanalysis.Additionalcautioniscalledforinusingcensusdataduetothepossibilityofdistortionofpopulationbreakdowns,particularlyinareasofdenseHispanicorNativeAmericanpopulations.Inadditiontoidentifyingtheproportionofthepopulationofindividualcensustractsthatarecomposedofminorityindividuals,analysts -(' shouldattempttoidentifywhetherhighconcentration"pockets"ofminoritypopulationsareevidencedinspecificgeographicareas.  TheIWGguidancealsoadvisesagenciestoconsiderbothgroupsofindividualslivingingeographicproximitytooneanother,orageographicallydispersed/transientsetofindividuals,whereeithertypeofgroup"experiencescommonconditions"ofenvironmentalexposureoreffectwithintheguidanceprovidedforminoritypopulation.Thiscanresultfromculturalpractices,educationalbackgrounds,orthemedianageofcommunityresidents(e.g.,disproportionatenumbersofelderlyresidents,children,orwomenofchildbearing  1 agemaybemoresusceptibletoenvironmentalrisks).  Afactorthatshouldbeconsideredinassessingthepresenceofaminoritycommunityisthataminoritygroupcomprisingarelativelysmallpercentageofthetotalpopulationsurroundingtheprojectmayexperienceadisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffect.Thiscanresultduetothegroup'suseof,ordependenceon,potentiallyaffectednaturalresources,orduetothegroupsdailyorcumulativeexposuretoenvironmentalpollutantsasaresultoftheircloseproximitytothesource.ThedatamayshowthatadistinctminoritypopulationmaybebelowthethresholdsdefinedintheIWGkeytermsguidanceonminoritypopulation.However,asaresultofparticularculturalpractices,thatpopulationmayexperiencedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Forexample,theconstructionofanewtreatmentplantthatwilldischargetoariverorstreamusedbysubsistenceanglersmayaffectthatportionofthetotalpopulation.Also,potentialeffectstoonoroffreservationtribalresources(e.g.,treatyprotectedresources,culturalresourcesand/orsacredsites)maydisproportionatelyaffectthelocalNativeAmericancommunityandimplicatethefederaltrustresponsibilitytotribes.   5      ׀TheEPANEPAanalystshouldlookateachsituationonacasebycasebasisto C determineiftheremaybedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonaminoritypopulation.  TheEPANEPAanalystshouldmakeeveryefforttoidentifythepresenceofdistinctminoritycommunitiesresidingbothwithin,andincloseproximityto,theproposedproject,andtoidentifythoseminoritygroupswhichutilizeoraredependentuponnaturalresourcesthatcouldbepotentiallyaffectedbytheproposedaction. f  Non-traditionaldatagatheringtechniques,includingoutreachtocommunity-basedorganizationsandtribalgovernmentsearlyinthescreeningprocess,maybethebestapproachforidentifyingdistinctminoritycommunitiesand/ortribalinterestswithinthestudyarea.SeeChapter4foradiscussionofpublicoutreachtechniques.  2.1.20  Low-IncomePopulation [  #(#(#   ThisguidancerecommendsthatpursuanttotheCEQguidance,low-incomepopulationsinanaffectedarea(thatareainwhichtheproposedprojectwillormayhaveaneffect)shouldbeidentifiedwiththeannualstatisticalpovertythresholdsfromtheBureauoftheCensusCurrentPopulationReports,SeriesP60onIncomeandPoverty.Inconjunctionwithcensusdata,theEPANEPAanalystshouldalsoconsiderstateandregionallowincomeandpovertydefinitionsasappropriate.Inidentifyinglowincomepopulations,agenciesmayconsiderasacommunityagroupofindividualslivingingeographicproximitytooneanotherorsetofindividuals(suchasmigrantworkersorNativeAmericans)whereeithertypeofgroupexperiencescommonconditionsofenvironmentalexposure.  Aswiththeidentificationofminoritycommunities,thelevelofaggregationofavailabledataisanissueofconcernwhenseekingtodeterminewhetheroneormorelow-incomecommunitiesmaybeaffectedbyaproject.Also,aswithminoritycommunities,"pockets"oflowincomeindividualsmaybemaskedbyaggregateddata.Thelevelofaggregationofdata,aswellashowcurrenttheavailabledataare,shouldbetakenintoaccountbytheEPANEPAanalyst.  Determiningtheexistenceandlocationoflowincomeandminoritycommunitieswithinthereachesofaprojectsinfluencecanbeadifficulttask.Severalmeansofgatheringthisinformationareavailable;however,itisuptotheEPANEPAanalysttoascertainwhichtechniqueswillbestsuittheprojectathand.Further,theEPANEPAanalystmustbeflexibleandopentoconsideradditionalavenueswhichmaybeuniquetoselectprojectsorgeographicareas.Theuseofnationaldecennialcensusdataindepictinglowincome/povertyandminoritystatisticsisoneofthemostcommonmethodsused.WhilethecensusprovidesvaluableinformationfortheEPANEPAanalyst,thereareoftenmanygapsassociatedwiththeinformation.Therefore,itmaybenecessaryfortheEPANEPAanalysttovalidatethisinformationwiththeuseofadditionalsources.Theadditionalmethodsavailableinlocatingthepopulationsofinterestincludecontactinglocalresources,governmentagencies,commercialdatabasefirms,andtheuseoflocational/distributionaltools.(PleaseseeChapter5regardingtheuseoflocational/distributionaltools.)  Localresourcesshouldbesoughtforlocalanduptodateknowledgeofagivenareaanditsinhabitantsaswellasaleadtoothersourcesofinformation.Examplesoflocalresourcesinclude:communityandpublicoutreachgroups,communityleaders,andstateuniversities(i.e.,economicdepartments).  StategovernmentagenciessuchastheDepartmentofEconomicDevelopment,PlanningandDevelopmentDepartment,StateMinorityBusinessOffice,andStateEnterpriseZoneOfficesarealsovaluableresources_to -(' contact.Forexample,ifanareaisdesignatedasan enterprisezone,uniqueeconomicanddemographicdatamayexistinthatparticulararea,accesstowhichcouldenhancetheEPANEPAanalystsabilitytoassesstheeconomicsituationofagivenarea.  Localresourcesandstategovernmentscanbothbecontactedforinformationregardingfactorsthatarecharacteristicoflow-incomecommunitiesandwhichmayassistinidentifyingthesecommunities.Thesefactorsmayinclude:limitedaccesstohealthcare,aninadequate,overburdenedoragedinfrastructure,andparticulardependenceofthecommunity,orcomponentsofthecommunity,onsubsistenceliving(e.g.,  1 subsistencefishing,hunting,gatheringorfarming).Insomecases,thesefactorscanbeevaluateddirectlyfromtraditionalinformationsources.Forexample,theageandconditionofwatertreatmentfacilitiesandpresenceofleadservicelinesshouldbeavailablefrommunicipalutilities.Outreachtocommunitygroupsmaybethemostreliabledatacollectionmethodinothercases,suchasthosewherethedegreetowhichtheculturalanddietaryhabitsoflowincomeorminorityfamiliesandtheireconomicconditiondictatesubsistenceliving.Consequently,wherethecommunitymedianhouseholdincomemayexceedthatofthepovertyline,conditionsgenerallyassociatedwithlow-incomecommunitiesmaybepresent,resultingincumulativeeffectsthatmaymeetthethresholdforenvironmentaljusticeconcerns.  Commercialdatabasefirmsareoftencapableoftailoringcensusdatainformationofhumancommunitiesandincome/povertyleveltospecifiedareasofgeographicdetail.Forexample,bymanipulatingspecifiedcensusbureautractdatawithcustomizedbufferareas,statisticscanbegeneratedtoaccommodatecurrentgrowthestimatesfromlocalgovernmentagenciesorplanningdepartments._Locational_/distributionaltoolsarealsocapableofdeterminingthelocationsofcertainhumancommunities.Examplesincludemaps,aerialphotographs,andgeographicalinformationsystems(GIS).FurtherexplanationsofthesetoolsarepresentedinChapter5.  _   2.20  ConsideringEffects S (#(#   Thissectiondiscussestheterm disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsandprovidesanoverviewofsomefactorsthatshouldbeconsideredinassessingthepresenceofsucheffects.ItalsoaddresseshowtheconceptofenvironmentaljusticeplaysinconductingcumulativeandindirectimpactanalysesinsupportofNEPA.  2.2.10  DisproportionatelyHighandAdverseEffects 9  1(#(#   Disproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsencompassbothhumanhealthandenvironmentaleffects.The_IWG_'sguidancesuggeststheneedfortheanalysttoexerciseinformedjudgmentsastowhatconstitutes"disproportionate"aswellas"highandadverse."This,inturn,suggestssomelevelofcomparativeanalysiswiththeconditionsfacedbyanappropriatecomparisonpopulation.AsnotedinSection2.1.1,alternativesneedtobedrawnsothatthepotentiallyaffectedpopulationsundervariousalternativesaredistinctiveandallow_disproportionality_Ԁtobeassessed.  2.2.20  CumulativeandIndirectEffects F  p(#(#   EPANEPAanalysesmustconsiderthecumulativeeffectsonacommunitybyaddressingthefullrangeofconsequencesofaproposedactionaswellasotherenvironmentalstresseswhichmaybeaffectingthecommunity.Cumulativeimpactsaredefinedin40CFR1508.7,as"theincrementalimpact(s)oftheactionwhenaddedtootherpast,present,andreasonablyforeseeablefutureactions...."Forexample,whenconsideringaprojectthatwillhaveapermitteddischargetothesurroundingsurfacewaters,itmaybeofconcerntopopulationswhorelyonsubsistencelivingpatterns(i.e.,fishing)andalreadyreceivepublicwater Q throughleadservicelines;thecumulativeeffectsassociatedwithboththedischargeandtheleadservicelinesmustbetakenintoaccount.Insuchcases,mitigationmeasuresneedtobedevelopedandanalyzedtoreduceanadversecumulativeeffect.Inaddition,minoritypopulationsandlow-incomepopulationsareoftenlocatedinareasorenvironmentsthatmayalreadysufferfrompriordegradation.EPAanalystsneedtoplacespecialemphasisonothersourcesofenvironmentalstresswithintheregion,includingthosethathavehistoricallyexisted,thosethatcurrentlyexist,andthosethatareprojectedforthefuture.Commonvariablesofconcernmayinclude:  0  Number/concentrationofpointand_nonpoint_Ԁreleasesources,includingbothpermittedandnon &  permitted. (#(#   0  Presenceoflistedorhighlyrankedtoxicpollutantswithhighexposurepotential(e.g.,presenceoftoxic )## pollutantsincludedwithinEPA's33/50program). (#(#   0  Multipleexposuresourcesand/orpathsforthesamepollutant., '&(#(#  -(' _    Historicalexposuresourcesand/orpathways.    0  Potentialforaggravatedsusceptibilityduetoexistingairpollution(inurbanareas),leadpoisoning,  existenceofabandonedtoxicsites. (#(#   0  Frequencyofimpacts.(#(# Sourcedata,includinghistorical,existing,andprojectedsources,yieldingprojectedeffectsinconcertwiththatfromtheresultingproposedactionshouldbeanalyzedwithrespecttominorityorlowincomereceptors.Asnotedabove,theseincludecultural,healthandoccupation-relatedvariablessuchas:33  0  Healthdatareflectiveofthecommunity(e.g.,abnormalcancerrates,infantandchildhood   mortality,lowbirthweightrate,blood-leadlevels). (#(#   0  Occupationalexposurestoenvironmentalstresseswhichmayexceedthoseexperiencedbythe  j  generalpopulation. (#(#   0  Diets,ordifferentialpatternsofconsumptionofnaturalresources   6      ,whichmaysuggestincreased   exposurestoenvironmentalpathwayspresentingpotentialhealthrisk. (#(#   TheEPANEPAanalystmayhavedifficultyindeterminingthepointatwhichstresslevelsbecometoogreat,exceedingriskthresholds.ThislackofadefinitivethresholdshouldencouragetheEPANEPAanalysttocomparethecumulativeeffectsofmultipleactionswithappropriatecommunity,regional,state,ornationalgoals,standards,etc.todeterminewhetherthetotaleffectissignificant.  Withrespecttonaturalresources,analystsshouldlooktothecommunity'sdependenceonnaturalresourcesforitseconomicbase(e.g.,tourismandcashcrops)aswellastheculturalvaluesthatthe Z communityand/orIndianTribemayplaceonanaturalresourceatrisk.Further,itisessentialfortheEPANEPAanalysttoconsiderthecumulativeimpactsfromtheperspectiveofthesespecificresourcesorecosystemswhicharevitaltothecommunitiesofinterest.  SeveralmethodsfordeterminingcumulativeeffectsaredescribedwithinCEQsJanuary1997handbookentitled, ConsideringEffectsUndertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct.TheEPANEPAanalystmaywishtoconsiderthesemethodsinassessingcumulativeeffectsonlowincomeand/orminoritycommunities.  Intheprocessofdeterminingfutureactions,forexample,itisessentialfortheEPANEPAanalysttoapplyjudgmentandexperience,togobeyondthenumberofprojectsthatarefundedinthearea,andpredictwhichoftheactionsintheearlyplanningstagehaverealisticpotentialtomoveforward.TheEPANEPAanalystshouldusethebestavailableinformationfromsimilarprojectsintheregionandalsoconsultwithlocalgovernmentplanningagencieswhichmayhavemasterdevelopmentplansintheregion.Inaddition,privatelandownersandorganizationsmaybewillingtodisclosetheirfuturelanduseplans.  Althoughcumulativeeffectsanalysescommonlyinvolveassumptionsanduncertainties,exhaustingallapplicableanalyseswillprovidethegreatestlikelihoodofaccuratelydepictingthepossibilityofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonlowincomeand/orminoritycommunities.Analystsshouldbeasresourcefulaspossibleinadditiontoseekinginformationfromtraditionalsources.Decisionsshould *%+ besupportedbythebestdatacurrentlyavailableand/orthebestdatagatheringtechniquesinconjunctionwithallappropriateanalyses.  EISsandEAsmustalsoaddressindirectimpacts[40CFR1502.16(b),1508.8(b)1508.9],whicharecharacterizedasthosethatarecausedbytheactionandarereasonablyforeseeable,butthatoccurlaterintimeand/oratadistance.Indirecteffectsincludegrowtheffectsrelatedtoinducedchangesinthepatternoflanduse;populationdensityand/orchangestoinfrastructure;orgrowthratesandrelatedeffectstotheair,waterandothernaturalsystems,includingecosystems.  Increasedurbanizationmayoccuraroundanewfacilityduetoincreasedemploymentorduetotransportationsystemupgrades.Thismayresultindisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstolowincomecommunitiesduetoincreasedairpollution,lowerhousingvalues,andreducedaccesstofishing/farminglocations.Inaddition,recreationallandsandwatermaybeindirectlyaffectedbygovernmentactions.InthecaseofactivitiespotentiallyaffectingNativeAmericans,potentialimpacts,bothdirectandindirect,canoccurtosacredsitesand/orothernaturalresourcesusedforculturalpurposes.Forexample,thelossofasacredsite,orotherimpactstolargerareasofreligiousandspiritualimportancemaybesoabsolutethatreligioususeofthesiteabruptlyceasesadirectimpact.However,discontinuedusemayresultinotherindirectimpacts.Proposedactionsmayalsoresultinbusinessfailures,andassociatedunemployment,erosionoftaxbases,andreducedpublicservices.Thesetypesofeffectsmaybeexacerbatedforlowincomecommunitiesandminoritycommunitiesduetoaninabilitytorelocate,totravellongdistancestofindalternativemeansofemployment,ortoattractnewindustryorcommerce.    Thepotentialforindirectimpactstoaffectacommunityisbestunderstoodwhentheanalyticalteamisthoroughlyfamiliarwiththelocalcommunity.ItisimportantthattheEPANEPAanalystgainafullunderstandingofpotentialculturalimpactstothecommunity.Thisisbestaccomplishedthroughdirectcommunicationusingeffectivepublicparticipationandconsultation.AdiscussionofpublicparticipationapproachesappearsinChapter4.  2.2.30  EnvironmentalExposure  0(#(#   ExecutiveOrder12898providesthatenvironmentalhumanhealthresearch,wheneverpracticableandappropriate,shallincludediversesegmentsofthepopulationinepidemiologicalandclinicalstudies,includingsegmentsathighriskfromenvironmentalhazards,suchasminorityandlowincomepopulationsandworkerswhomaybeexposedtosubstantialenvironmentalhazards.TheExecutiveOrderfurtherstatesthatenvironmentalhumanhealthanalyses,wheneverpracticableandappropriate,shallidentifymultipleandcumulativeexposures.  Inaddressingtheterm"environmentalhazard"forthepurposeofresearch,datacollectionandanalysisprovisionsintheExecutiveOrder,theIWGKeyTermsguidancestatesthatitis"achemical,biological,physicalorradiologicalagent,situation,orsourcethathasthepotentialfordeleteriouseffectstotheenvironmentand/orhumanhealth.TheIWGpointsoutthatthefactorsthatmaybeimportantindefiningasubstantial   7      environmentalhazardarethelikelihood,seriousness,andthemagnitudeoftheimpact.The '!) IWGKeyTermsprovidesguidancefor"multipleenvironmentalexposure"and"cumulativeenvironmentalexposure."  *t$,   TheEPANEPAanalystshouldincludeindividualswhoarefamiliarwithcollectingandanalyzingdata thatassessesthepotentialenvironmentalandhumanhealthriskspotentiallybornebyminorityandlowincomecommunitiesasaresultoftheprojectoractivity.EPANEPAanalystsgainabetterunderstandingofpotentialenvironmentalriskstothecommunitybydirectlyusingeffectivepublicparticipationandconsultationtechniques.Anassessmentofsuchpotentialrisksshouldthenbeusedtodeterminewhetherdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsmaybebornebyminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunities.  2.30  SummaryofFactorstoConsiderinEnvironmentalJusticeAnalyses 9  @ (#(#   Thissectionprovidesanoverviewofmanyofthefactorsthatshouldbeconsideredwhenidentifyingandevaluatingenvironmentaljusticeconcerns.Giventhesubjectivenatureofsomeoftheelementsthatareimportanttoenvironmentaljusticeanalyses,someconsiderationofthefactorsorcharacteristicsthatmay   leadtodisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstoacommunitymayprovetobeusefulwhenconductingsuchanalyses.EPA'sOfficeofEnvironmentalJusticepointsoutthatanunderstandingoftheunderlyingfactorsthatcontributetoenvironmentaljusticeconcernsallowsforamorethoroughidentificationoftheconcernsandthedevelopmentofmoreeffectivemitigationmeasures.  Infocusingtheidentificationofenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,theEPANEPAanalystmayapproachtheanalysisofenvironmentaljusticefromthreevantagepoints:1)whetherthereexistsapotentialfordisproportionaterisk;2)whethercommunitieshavebeensufficientlyinvolvedinthedecisionmakingprocess;and3)whethercommunitiescurrentlysuffer,orhavehistoricallysuffered,fromenvironmentalandhealthrisksorhazards.ThefactorslistedinthissectionareprovidedwithinthecontextofthesethreeapproachesforidentifyingpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandprovidetheEPANEPAanalystwithastartingpointindeterminingwhatfactorstoconsiderinanenvironmentaljusticeassessment.However,almosteverysituationwillhaveitsownnuances.Assuch,theEPANEPAanalystshouldbepreparedtoapplythesefactorsflexiblytofitaspecificsituation,justastheIWGguidanceprovidedabovemayrequirejudgmentstoensurethatcommunitiesaredefinedinafairmanner(SeeExhibit3forSummaryofFactors).&&&!& `   4 hX#XBX&&TRP'3 Letter Landscape3' '3 Letter Landscape3'T f @7X&dXXd7ı *wddd Xdd Xdd X..w, ,#(d +  5"  5 Exhibit2.SUMMARYOFFACTORSTOCONSIDERINENVIRONMENTALJUSTICEANALYSIS #&&XXBP#R*&& U@-" 0   8U   #&&*R#R*&&FACTORSASSOCIATEDWITHPOTENTIALEXPOSURETO/ANDRISKSFROMENVIRONMENTALHAZARDS LT   #&&*Rk#.&&ThegeneralfactorsthatshouldbeconsideredincludeDEMOGRAPHICfactors,GEOGRAPHICfactors,ECONOMICfactors,andHUMANHEALTHandRISKfactors.Foreachofthese,specific  variablesforconsiderationarelisted. J7$<D 8  J DEMOGRAPHICFACTORS  d l 0 c Demographicfactorsareoneofthekeycomponentsofenvironmentaljustice.Race,ethnicity,andlowincomestatusaresomeoftheprimaryconsiderationsoftheenvironmentaljusticemovement.However,numerousotherdemographicfactorsalsomayplayvitalrolesinanenvironmentaljusticeassessment.Theseinclude,butarenotlimitedto: c:1c:1  F3$4 <    F PopulationAge +T \  +Olderoryoungerpopulationsmaybemoresusceptibletorisks,whentakingintoaccountspecialhealthconcernsoftheelderlyandpotentialforgreaterexposureinyoungerpopulations(e.g.,ingestionofsoil).Inaddition,childrensimmaturebodilydefensesystemsmaymakethemmoresusceptibletotoxiceffects.     C0!    C PopulationDensity +  +Highpopulationdensitymaypromoteasynergisticeffectbetweenindustrialpollutantsandtypicalurbanpollutants(e.g.,groundlevelozone),especiallyifindustryislocatedin   closeproximity(5milesorless)tohighdensitypopulations.LowpopulationdensitymayleadtheNEPAanalysttounderestimatetheactualenvironmentalharmtotheaffectedpopulationwhenconductingariskassessment. C0!lt    DC PopulationLiteracy +  +Ifdocumentsaretechnicallycomplexandnotadequatelyexplainedcommunitieswithlowerlevelsofeducationmayencounterdifficultyinitsabilitytounderstandorsufficientlyidentifyandinterpretriskandotherfactors. C0! D  C Population/Economic  Growth +| +Rapidorseverechangesinpopulationoreconomicgrowthratemayresultinpotentialimpactstoexistingcommunityorpublicservicesandinfrastructure.Changesingrowthratemayinclude:(1)anincreaseinlowincomeorminoritypopulation(s)inanarea(e.g.,migration),(2)highbirthrates,and(3)cumulativeimpactsduetomultiplesourcesof t| populationincreases. G4!   G GEOGRAPHICFACTORS   0 c Certaincommunitiesmaybeathighriskfromenvironmentalhazardsorexposedtosubstantialenvironmentalhazardsduetogeographicfactorsthatisolatethemfromothersurroundingcommunitiesorthattendtoallowpollutantstoaccumulateintheenvironmentsurroundingthecommunity.Suchfactorsinclude,butarenotlimitedto: c:1c:1  F3$    7F Climate +! +Weatherpatterns(e.g.,prevailingwinds)thatmayconcentratepollutantsinacertainarea,allowpollutantstomigrate,increasecertainexposurepathways(suchasrespiration),or " causepollutantstobehaveinamannerthatdiffersfromthatexpectedundernormalweatherconditions. C0!$ 7  C GeomorphicFeatures + % +Mountains,hills,orothersurfacefeatures,naturalorhumaninorigin,thatmayaffectpollutantdispersalandmayfocusorfunnelpollutantsinparticulardirectionsortoparticularlocations. C0!4<(   C HydrophicFeatures +T\) +Presenceofsurfacewaterand/oraquifersthatmayprovidedrinkingwater,subsistencefisheries,culturalsignificanceanduse,andrecreationaluse.F3%+     F 7X&dX&d7    ECONOMICFACTORS  L 0 c Economicfactorscanbedividedintotwocategories:theeconomicconditionoftheindividualsinthecommunityinquestion,andtheoveralleconomicbaseofthecommunity.Theeconomicconditionoftheindividualsinthepopulation,ifpoor,mayexacerbateriskfactorsandmayprecludeavoidanceofriskfactors.Theeconomicconditionofthecommunityatlargemayresultinsituationsthatprecludethelocalgovernment'sabilityto#!..#4{ .!adequately#!. 4{-##!&&.!'#!.&!&..!protectthepopulationormaypromotetheacceptanceofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Suchfactorsinclude,butarenotlimitedto:Xc:1c:1  <)   <IndividualEconomic   Conditions |   IncomeLevel/Health  P CareAccess +   +Thisincludessuchissuesaswhetheraffordableorfreequalityhealthcareisavailableand,whetheranyculturalbarriersexisttoseekinghealthcare.Manylowincomeand/orminoritycommunitieslackadequatelevelsandqualityofhealthcare,oftenduetolackofresourcesorlackofaccesstohealthcarefacilities. 9&|     9 Infrastructure  (  Conditions +   +Considerationshouldbegiventowhetherexistinginfrastructureprovidessufficientprotectionfromadverseimpacts(e.g.,protectionofdomesticwatersupply,especiallyifthe  ( communityreliesonpublicornonpublicdrinkingwellsorsurfacewater;adequacyofsewagefacilities)andtheeffectthatnewfacilitiesmayhaveontheabilityofexistinginfrastructuretobereliableandprovideadequateprotection.Inmanylowincomeand/orminoritycommunities,historicallocationofresourceshasresultedininadequateinfrastructuredevelopmentandmaintenance. 9&L    9 LifeSupportResources +|  +Thisincludessubsistencelivingsituations(e.g.,subsistencefishing,hunting,gathering,farming),diet,andotherdifferentialpatternsofconsumptionofnaturalresources.Ifa |  communityisreliantonconsumptionofnaturalresources,suchassubsistencefishing,anadditionalexposurepathwaymaybeassociatedwiththecommunitythatisnotrelevanttothepopulationatlarge.Similarly,dietarypracticeswithinacommunityorethnicgroup,suchasadietlowincertainvitaminsandminerals,mayincreaseriskfactorsforthatgroup. 9&D    9 DistributionofCosts  t   +P +Considerationofthedistributionofcoststopayforenvironmentalprojectstotheextentthatregulationsandprogramsarepaidforbyuserfeesonnecessarygoodsandservices(e.g.,sewerandwaterbills,garbageservices,electricbills,gasolinetaxes).Thesehaveasubstantialnegativeeffectonlowincomefamilieswhomustpayadisproportionatefractionoftheirincomeforthesegoodsandservices,theadditionofuserfeesforanotherplantorfacilitymayaddtothedisparatetreatmentofthoseindividuals. 9&<x   9CommunityEconomic l Base @  Industrial +  +Relianceonpollutingindustriesforjobsandeconomicdevelopment.Ifthecommunityisreliantonpollutingindustriesforjobsandtaxrevenue,theremaybereluctancetotakeactionsthatwouldavoidrisktohealthandtheenvironmentatacosttotheindustry.Inaddition,minorityorlowincomecommunitiesmaynotenjoyotherbenefitsinproportiontotherisksorimpactstheybear. 9&4p$   9 Brownfields +d% +Communitieswithlowrevenuesmaybeunabletofinanceeconomicrehabilitationeffortsthatwouldimprovethephysicalenvironmentofacommunity. 9&8'   9 NaturalResources +,h( +Relianceonnaturalresourcesforeconomicbase(e.g.,tourism,crops;useofresourcestocreatesalableitems,suchaswovenbasketsamongNativeAmericans;subsistenceand ,h) commercialfisheries). 9&\+   9 Other +, +Otherindirecteffectswhichalowincomeorminoritypopulation,duetoeconomicdisadvantage,maynotbeabletoavoid,thatwillhaveasynergisticeffectwithotherriskfactors(e.g.,vehiclepollution,leadbasedpaintpoisoning,existenceofabandonedtoxicsites,dilapidatedhousingstock). $`. A. /   Aı    HUMANHEALTHAND L RISKFACTORS  ( 0 c Evaluationofhumanhealthandriskfactorsrelevanttoenvironmentaljusticeconcernsmayprovetobecomplicatedwhendetailedtechnicalanalysesofriskfactorsandinteractionoftoxicchemicalsareundertaken.However,thefollowinginclude,butarenotlimitedto,factorswhichallowforconsiderationofwhethermoredetailedriskassessmentsoranalysesspecifictominorityorlowincomepopulationsareappropriate: c:1c:1  <)T    < Emissions +  +Numberofpointandnonpointsourcesofemissionsincludingpermittedandnonpermitted(violations)releases. 9& X    9 Toxics +L   +Presenceoforexposuretohighlytoxicpollutants. 9&     9 Exposures +P  +Multipleexposuresourcesand/orpathsforthesamepollutant. 9&   9 Pollutants +  +Exposuretomultiplepollutants. 9&t    9 Pesticides +  +Exposuretopesticidesbyworkersandtothemisuseofpesticides. 9&<x    9 Locations +l  +Exposurethroughmultiplelocations(e.g.,workplace,home,school,ambient). l   9&@   9 Concentrations +4p +Exposuretoemissionsfromconcentratedlocationsofthesametypeofindustry(orindustries). 9&   9 HealthData +8 +#!..&.#4{ .!Healthdataforpopulationinquestion(e.g.,abnormallevelsofcancers,asthma,emphysema,birthdefects,lowbirthweight,infantandchildhoodmortalitybloodleadlevels 8 asbestosis).Thisdatacouldindicatehistoricalhazardsandhealthriskswhich,inconcertwiththeeffectsoftheproposedactioncouldcumulativelyorindirectlyraiseenvironmentaljusticeissues.#!. 4{1H#..!#&&..#.&& 9&    9 ResearchGaps +0! +Researchgaps(e.g.,subsistenceconsumption,demographicsdietaryeffects,synergisticeffectsofchemicals). 0"  9&#   9 DataCollection +$ +Datacollection/analysisreliabilityandvalidity.C. T&   C@ a   &    #&&.HJ#t91&&Ԁ#&&1t9L#.&&FACTORSRELATEDTOCULTURALANDETHNICDIFFERENCESANDCOMMUNICATIONSCONCERNS  L   Whendeterminingwhethercommunitieshavebeenaffordedopportunityformeaningfulinvolvement,broadfactorsforconsiderationincludethefollowing.Otherconsiderationsforpublicparticipationare L discussedinChapter4ofthe GuidanceonEnvironmentalJusticeinEPAsNEPAComplianceAnalyses. <)   < PublicAccess + +Whethercommunitymembershaveaccesstothedecisionmakingprocess(i.e.,whetherthecommunityisfairlyrepresentedoncommissions,boards,etc.,andwhetherthe  communityisfairlymadeawareoftheirroleinthedecisionmakingprocess). 9& D   9 CulturalExpectations +8 t +Culturalexpectationsandunderstandingofthedecisionmakingprocess. 9&     9 Meaningful  <  Information +   +Accesstomeaningfulandunderstandableinformation,suchasclearpresentationofwhatafacilityproduces,whatpollutantsitreleases,howthesearemanaged,andthepotentialrisktothepopulation. 9&0l   9 JobSecurity +`  +Potentialforfearwithinthecommunitythatparticipatingintheprocessmayjeopardizejobsecurity. 9&4    9 LiteracyRate +(d  +Ifalowliteracyrateexists,considerationshouldbegiventotheclarityandaccuracyofpresentationstothecommunityandwhethernonwrittenmaterials,suchasvideos,havebeenconsideredforuseinpresentations. 9&X    9 Translations +  +ConsiderationofnonEnglishtranslations,bothwrittenandoralduringcommunitypresentationsorpublicmeetings. 9& \   9 Community P Representation +, +Considerationshouldbegiventowhetherrepresentativeswereselectedbycommunitydecreeorbyoutsidesourceswithoutproperconsultationwiththecommunity. 9&$   9 Community (d Identification + +Whetheridentificationofminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiestookintoaccountallpotentiallyimpactedcommunities.Ifcommunitiesweregeographicallydefinedratherthanculturallydefined,certaincommunitiesthatareimpacted,givenotherculturalfactors,maybeunfairlyexcluded. 9&X"   9 IndigenousPopulations +# +Inaddition,whenprojectsoractivitiesmayaffecttriballandsorresourcesorNativeAmericancommunities,theNEPAanalyticalteamshouldincludeoneormoreanalystsfamiliarwithNativeAmericanissuesandculture,andtheAgencyshouldformallyrequesttheaffectedIndianTribe(s)toseekparticipationasacooperatingagency.Specificfactorstoconsiderinsuchsituationsinclude,butarenotlimitedto: 0 g Thetrustresponsibilitytoandtreaties,statutesandexecutiveorderswithfederallyrecognizedIndianTribes.P'g :1g :1  #&&.M#.&&0 g Effectofinsufficientfinancialandtechnicalresourcesforthedevelopmentandimplementationoftribalenvironmentalprograms.$(g :1g :1  0 g Impactstotreatyprotectedresources,culturaluseofnaturalresources,and/orsacredsites.)g :1g :1  0 g GovernmenttogovernmentrelationshipwithaffectedIndianTribesaswellasmeaningfulparticipationoftheaffectedtribalcommunity.T*g :1g :1  0 g Adisputeresolutionprocessmaybeappropriatetoensurethatresourcesarenotdiminished.+g :1g :1 0 0g :1 :1#&&.[#.&&Healthandsocioeconomiceffectsduetocultural,subsistence,andcommercialuseofnaturalresources.H,g :1g :1 0 0g :1 :1#&&.^#.&&Potentialforriskassessmenttounderestimaterelationshipbetweenenvironmentaldegradationandhumanhealthconcerns,especiallyinlowpopulationdensityareas.-g :1g :1 #!..J#4{ .!0 0g :1 :1#&& 4{_#4{ &&Fundamentaldifferencesin worldview;wherethevaluesplacedonresourcesvarysignificantlybetweencultures(i.e.,someNativeAmericanculturesdisputethe x. abilityto ownlandandotherresources.#&& 4{a##!&&&&`#&&&!&.&& L/g :1g :1 'L~LC.  0  1 C7&&dX&d7&  #&&.ub#.&&ԀFACTORSRELATEDTOHISTORICALANDPOLICYISSUES  L   Environmentaljusticeassessmentsmayrequirelooking#!..Vb#4{ .!athistoricalconditions,existingconditions,andtheimpactoffutureactions.#!. 4{rd##!&&.!c#!.&!&Manyofthefactorsdiscussedabove,suchascumulativerisk,willnecessarily  addressthisquestion,butcertainotherfactorsmayalsorequireconsideration,including: <)X   < IndustrialConcentration +L  +Concentrationofindustriesthatmaycreateahighriskofexposuretoenvironmentalhazardsforthecommunity'seconomicbase.Factorsthatmayleadtosucharesultincludegovernment/industryarrangementsthatmayreduceavailablepublicfundingforadequateprotectionoflowincomeorminoritypopulations(e.g.,taxbreaksprovidedtocertain   industriestoencouragethelocationofsuchindustriestoacertainarea). 9& P    9 InconsistentStandards +D   +Nonuniformityinenforcementandsiteselectionstandardsacrosscommunitiesincludingmethodsforpursuingenforcementtargeting,complianceactionsandcomplianceinitiatives. 9&     9 ResearchGaps + H  +Researchgapsandpastdatacollectionpracticesandvalidity.Forexample,datarelevanttolowincomecommunitiesmaynotbeadequatelycollectedandanalyzedgiventhepotentialforinadequateresourceswithinthecommunitytocollectandanalyzedata. 9&<x    9 ProgramGaps +l  +Programgapsbetweentribal,state,andfederalprograms(suchasasbestosworkerprotectionprograms)thatmayhavesubjectedcommunitiestohighriskofexposuretoenvironmentalhazards.SuchgapsincludethelackofexplicitCongressionalauthorizationfortribalparticipationinanddelegation/authorizationofcertainEPAprogramsandthesufficiencyoffundingandtechnicalassistanceforthedevelopmentoftribalenvironmentalprograms. 9&4p    9 NonInclusiveProcesses +d  +Decisionmakinganddocumentationprocessesthatwerenonscientific,and/ornoninclusiveinnature(e.g.,selectionofcommunityrepresentativesbypotentiallyaffectedindustry d  ratherthanbycommunitydecree). 9&   9 PastPractices + +Adequacyofpastresourceallocationpractices. 9&\   9 CulturalDiversity + +Pastandpresentculturaldiversityorlackthereofondecisionmakingboards,withinagencies,commissions,etc. 9&$`   9 Obligations +T  +Adherencetoprioragreements,suchastreaties,statutesandexecutiveorderswithtribes.EPAshouldbeparticularlycarefulnottodiminishtribalresources,includingculturalandnaturalresourcesandtreatyrights,withouttribalconcurrenceandEPAshouldensuretheprotectionofsuchresourcesfromenvironmentalharm.," X$  1  ,#!&&.!)e#   l& TRY 3' LetterP'3 Letter Landscape 3' Letter '3 Letter LandscapeT  @@4  3.0INCORPORATINGENVIRONMENTALJUSTICEINTOTHENEPAPROCESS It   t  3.10  OverviewoftheNEPAProcess t 4(#(#   AgeneralframeworkforimplementingNEPArequirementsispresentedinregulations(40CFRParts1500through1508)promulgatedbytheCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality(CEQ).Federalagencies,inturn,havedevelopedtheirownrulesforNEPAcompliancethatareconsistentwiththeCEQregulationswhileaddressingthespecificmissionsandprogramactivitiesofeachagency.EPA'sregulationsarefoundat40CFRPart6.Overthepast25years,theNEPAframeworkforenvironmentalreviewofproposedfederalactionshasbeensubstantiallyrefined,basedonfurthercongressionaldirectives,actionbyCEQ,andanextensivebodyofcaselaw.  AsstatedinSection1.0,anEISisrequiredformajorfederalactionssignificantlyaffectingthequalityofthehumanenvironment.ThebasicanalyticalplanningprocessforEISsrequiredunderNEPAanditsimplementingregulationsforassessingtheenvironmentalimpactsthatmayresultfromagovernmentactionincludes:EX0O00 (  ,Xw E 0 1.0 O Definition: Definethepurposeandneedfortheaction.O(#O(#  0 2.0 O Screening: 󀀀Preliminarydelineationofpotentialimpacts.PO(#O(#  0 3.0 O Scoping: Outlineproposedaction;defineobjectives;definescope;identifydecisionsthatneedto t bemade;focusresources;initiatepublicparticipation. O(#O(# 0 0 4.0O0(#0(# AffectedResources: Definetheresourcesthatmaybeaffectediftheactionmeetstheproposed | objectives. O(#O(#  0 5.0 O Alternatives: Identifyanddefinepracticalalternativesformeetingobjectives.tO(#O(#  0 6.0 O Mitigation :Identifypossiblemitigationmeasurestominimizeoravoidpotentialimpacts. O(#O(#  0 7.0 O Consequences: Predicttheenvironmentalimpactsandotherconsequencesoftheproposedaction T andalternatives. O(#O(# 0 0 8.0O0(#0(# Decisions: Makedecisionsregardingacourseofaction,includingmitigationmeasuresdeveloped !L" toaddressenvironmentaleffectsthreatenedbyproposedactions.33 O(#O(#  0 9.0 O Monitoring: Observing,recording,anddocumentingmitigationmeasurestoevaluatetheir $ % effectiveness. O(#O(# ?X000 ( X0O00 ? 0 CEQregulations(40CFRPart1502)dictatetheprocessthatfederalagenciesmustfollowforallEISs,exceptwherecompliancewiththeregulationswouldbeinconsistentwithstatutoryrequirementsorwhereagencyproceduresallowforexceptionsfornationalsecurityreasons.PublicparticipationandinvolvementisrequiredthroughouttheNEPAprocess,beginningwithscoping. 0 Proposedactionspredictedtopresentlesssignificantimpactsoftenareanalyzedinenvironmentalassessments(EAs).AsmentionedinSection1.0,EAsareimportantanalyticaltools,originallyintended toaidinthedeterminationofsignificanceoftheeffectsofaproposedaction.ComparedtoEISs,thereare .)/ fewerdetailedregulatoryrequirementsforEAsastocontent,formatorpublicparticipation.ThescaleofEAsusuallydependsontherelativesignificanceoftheprojectedimpacts.  0 EnvironmentaljusticeissuesencompassabroadrangeofimpactscoveredbyNEPA,includingimpactsonthenaturalorphysicalenvironmentandinterrelatedsocialandeconomiceffects.TheCEQimplementingregulationsdefine effectsor impactstoincludethosethatare ecological...aesthetic,historic,cultural,economic,socialorhealth,whetherdirect,indirectorcumulative.InpreparingEISs,NEPArequiresEPAtoconsiderbothimpactsonthenaturalorphysicalenvironmentandinterrelatedsocialandeconomicimpacts.Inanalyzingsocialandeconomicimpacts,uniqueculturalaspectsshouldalsobereviewed.EPA,asamatterofpolicy,willconsiderinterrelatedsocialandeconomicimpactsinEAs.ThisservesasabasetofurtherthegoalsoftheExecutiveOrder.Environmentaljusticeconcernsmayarisefromimpactsonthenaturalorphysicalenvironment,suchashumanhealthorecologicalimpactsonminoritypopulationsandlowincomepopulations,orfrominterrelatedsocialoreconomicimpacts. 0 Moreover,EISsandEAsshoulddocumenttheextenttowhichenvironmentaljusticeissueshavebeenidentifiedandaddressed.Theinitialstepintheanalysisofpotentialeffectsistoassesswhetherthereindeedwillbepotentialphysicalornaturalenvironmentalimpacts.Ifitisdeterminedbytheanalyticalteamthattherewillbenoenvironmentaleffects,andthusnodisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects,thenthisfindingshouldbedocumentedandnofurtheranalysisofeffectsisnecessary. 0 Ifpreliminaryanalysisindicatesthatthereisapotentialforenvironmentaleffects,thenamoredetailedassessmentisconductedtoestimatethelevelofthoseeffects.Thereareoccasionsinwhich"greyareas"maybeencountered.TheEPANEPAanalystmaybeunsureastowhethertheenvironmentaleffectsare \ deminimis,meaningwhenthereareverysmalleffects,orsomethinggreaterthandeminimisyetlessthan Z significantnaturalorphysicalimpactsdemandinganEIS.ThisguidancesuggeststhatwhentheEPANEPAanalystisunsurewhethertheseenvironmentalimpactsaredeminimisorsomethingmorethandeminimis V butlessthansignificant,theEAshouldincludeananalysisofinterrelatedsocialandeconomiceffects(and,asdescribedinSection3.2below,therenowshouldbeanEISlikescopingprocessifthescreeninganalysisindicatesthattheremaybedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities).TheEAshouldincludesocioeconomicanalysesscaledaccordingtotheseverityoftheimpacts. 0 FollowinganEISorEA,theAgencymustannounceitsdecisioninaRecordofDecision(ROD)oraFONSI.TheROD,andwhereappropriatetheFONSIs,shoulddocumenttheconclusionofthefindingspresentedintheEISorEA(i.e.,whethertheactionwillorwillnothaveadisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities)andincludeadescriptionofthosemitigationmeasuresthattheAgencyiscommittingtoimplementtoreduceoravoidenvironmentalconsequencesassociatedwiththeproposedaction.  :,&'   3.20 0 IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsintothisProcess   @ 0(#0(#  0 OneofthemostimportantmeansbywhichEPAcanensurethatdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesareidentifiedandanalyzed,isto"institutionalize"theprocessofidentificationandanalysis.ThenextsectionsofthisChapterdescribethescreeninglevelanalysisthatbeginstheprocess,andhowenvironmentaljusticeconsiderationscanbeintegratedintolaterstepsandactivitiesrequiredunderCEQandEPAregulations.̀ 0 AsnotedinChapter1,oneeffectofincorporatingenvironmentaljusticeconsiderationsintoNEPA }  analyseswillbetomoresharplyfocustheseanalyses.Todothis,itisnecessarytoassessthedistributionofenvironmentalimpactsdemographicallyand/orgeographically,aswellastoassesstheoverallimpactstotheaffectedcommunities.AsdescribedinChapter5,theanalyticaltoolscommonlyusedforanalyzingpotentialimpactsmayhavetobemodifiedtoallowthismorerefinedfocus.Overall,theevaluationofenvironmentaljusticeconcernsraisesanumberofissuesrelatedto"significance"andtootherNEPAprocedures.Thediscussionbelowdescribesseveralissuesthatarerelevanttothedeterminationofsignificanceandtheconsequentlevelofanalysis;alsoincludedarediscussionsofhowconsiderationofsuchissuesshouldaffectthedeterminationandsubsequentanalyses.Theanalyticalteamshouldkeepinmindthatthepresenceofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsmayormaynotnecessarilychangethefinaldecision,butwillchangethefocusoftheanalysisandmayresultinadditionalmitigationmeasures. &   3.2.10  EnvironmentalJusticeScreeningAnalysis ŗ e(#(#  0 Inpreparingforanyproposedaction,oneofthefirstactionsisapreliminarydelineationofpotentialimpactsandofthepotentiallyaffectedarea.AscreeningforenvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbeincorporatedintothisinitialNEPAscreeninganalysis.Thissectiondescribesatwostepscreeningprocess,theresultsofwhichthenguidesubsequentactionsrelatedtoenvironmentaljustice.'e 0 Thefirststepinidentifyingpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbeascreeninglevelanalysistodeterminetheexistenceofalowincomeand/orminoritypopulation.Dependingontheoutcome,itmaythenbenecessarytoenhancepublicparticipationtogainafullerunderstandingofthepotentialenvironmentaljusticeissues(seeChapter4),initiatedevelopmentofalternativesandmitigationoptions,and/orinitiateanalysestoidentifyandassessdisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffects(seeChapter5).Inaddition,iftheproposedprojectmayaffecttriballandsorresources,thenEPA,inkeepingwithfederalandEPApoliciesofgovernmenttogovernmentrelations,willformallyrequestthataffectedIndianTribe(s)seektoparticipateasacooperatingagency. 0 Thescreeninganalysisshouldoccurassoonastheproposedactioniswellunderstood,aroundthetimeplanningforscopingbeginsforEISsandplanningbeginsforEAs.Althoughneithertheimpactsnorthefullareatobeaffectedmaybefullyunderstoodatthispoint,itisusuallypossibletomakefairapproximations.Inthescreeninganalysis,twoquestionsshouldbeaddressed,asdescribedbelow.  @.()  0 Question1  0 0  0(#0(#  0 Doesthepotentiallyaffectedcommunityincludeminorityand/orlowincomepopulations?   8         0 Ifyes,thisshouldtriggerbothanenhancedoutreachefforttoassurethatlowincomeandminoritypopulationsareengagedinpublicparticipationandanalysisdesignedtoidentifyandassesstheimpacts.Also,apositiveresponsetothisquestionshouldincreasetheteam'ssensitivitytothepotentialforcumulativeimpacts. 0 Ingeneral,censusandotherdatashouldbeusedtocharacterizethepopulationwithintheaffectedarea,intermsofminority(i.e.,racialorethnic),economic,andeducationaldemographics.However,itshould t  benotedthatcensusdatahavebeenshowntobeunreliableinsomecases,inpartbecausethelevelofaggregationmaynotofferafineenoughmeshtoidentifytheexistenceofsuchcommunities.Also,censusdataarebasedonselfreporting.Thesedataarenotalwaysconsistentandarepronetoundercountingminoritypopulationsandlowincomepopulationsduetoaperceivedreluctanceforcertainpopulationstodivulgeinformation(seeSection2.1.1).Thisisascreeninglevelanalysis,soextensiveeffortstovalidatecensusdatashouldnotbenecessaryatthisstage,unlessthereissubstantialuncertaintyin(a)theanswertothescreeningquestionor(b)theabilitytodelineatetheaffectedareaatthisearlystage.Becausetheapplicabilityofthecensusdatacanonlybedeterminedonacasebycasebasis,theEPANEPAanalystshouldsupplementthisinformationwithdatafromothersources.Forexample,additionalinformationcanbeobtainedfrom:localresourcesthroughquestions,interviews,andresearch;geographicalmappingsystem(GIS)orothersimilaroverlaymappingsystems;andeconomicimpactanalyses. 0 Environmentaleffectsareoftenrealizedininverseproportiontothedistancefromthelocationorsiteoftheproposedaction(i.e.,thecloserthepopulationistotheaction,thegreaterthepotentialimpacts).Asaresult,aneffortshouldbemadetocorrelatethedemographicanalysistotheareamostlikelytobearenvironmentaleffects.Ontheotherhand,dependingontheresourceaffected,andtheusersofthatresource,proximitytothesitemaynotcorrelatewiththelikelihoodofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunities. 0 Italsoisimportantduringtheinitialscreeningstagestolocateallminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunitieswithintheregionsurroundingaproposedlocation.Theanalyticalteamsshouldkeepinmindthatsometimesdistinctminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunitiesmaybegeographicallylocatedwithinanotherminoritycommunityorlowincomecommunity.Insomecases,aminoritycommunityorlowincomecommunitythatissurroundedbyanotherminoritycommunityorlowincomecommunitymaybeardisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectscomparedtothesurroundingcommunities.Inaddition,theEPANEPAanalystshouldbesensitivetosituationswheretheaffectedcommunityrepresentsthemajoritypopulationovertheextendedarea.Forexample,locationsalongtheUnitedStatesMexicoborderincludeentirecountieswhereminoritypopulationsrepresentamajorityofthepopulationinthecounty.TheseareasarepredominantlyLatino,althoughwhenthecountypopulationiscomparedtothepopulationoftheentirestate,theproportionrepresentsamuchsmallerpercentageofthepopulation.Similarly, 8-'( countiesintheMississippiDeltaregionrepresentareaswhereAfricanAmericanscompriseamajorityofthetotalpopulation. 0 Question2  0 0 Aretheenvironmentalimpactslikelytofalldisproportionatelyonminorityand/orlowincomemembersofthecommunityand/ortribalresources?| 0(#0(#  0 Apositiveresponseshouldtriggerbothanenhancedoutreachefforttoassurethatlowincomeandminoritypopulationsareengagedinpublicparticipationandananalysisdesignedtoidentifyimpactsonboththelargerpopulationandonminorityand/orlowincomemembersofthepopulation.Apositiveresponsecouldresultfromanyofseveralfactors,includingthefollowing:330 0 00(#0(#Withinapotentiallyaffectedarea,minorityand/orlowincomepopulationscouldbeunevenly n  distributed,thussubjecttodifferentlevelsorintensityofimpactsthanthelargerpopulation.Thispatternshouldcauseconcernforcumulativeimpacts.Anexamplewouldbesubsistencedependenceonanaffectedresourcebymembersofacommunity. (#(# 0 0  0(#0(#  0 0  Theimpactsmayaffectacultural,historical,orprotected(e.g.,treaty)resourceofvaluetoan   IndianTribeoraminoritypopulation,evenwhenthepopulationisnotconcentratedinthevicinity. (#(#  0 Iftheanswertobothscreeningquestionsis"no,"thentheenvironmentaljusticescreeninganalysisshouldbedocumentedinscopingnoticesandinEISs/EAsandRODs/FONSIs.Inaddition,certainuniquecultural,geographic,oreconomicfactorsmayexistwithinanareathatcouldwarrantadditionalinvestigation.Also,laterinformationandanalysesmayshowthatthescreeninganalysiswasmistaken.Indeed,analystsshouldreexaminethescreeningquestions(andthekeyfactorsidentifiedinChapter2)atkeystepsintheNEPAprocess(e.g.,followingscoping,indraftingtheEIS/EA,insolicitingcommentson 2 draftEISs,inrespondingtocomments,andinpreparingRODsandFONSIs).  3.2.20  EnvironmentalJusticeandtheDeterminationofSignificance  &(#(#  0 CEQregulations(40CFR1508.27)detailfactorsthatshouldbeconsideredinmakingadeterminationofwhetheraproposedactionissignificant,therebyrequiringa"detailedstatement"(i.e.,anEIS). ."  EconomicorsocialeffectsalonedonottriggeranEIS[40CFR1508.14]. #z!  0 AccordingtoCEQsGuidanceforConsideringEnvironmentalJusticeundertheNational $"# EnvironmentalPolicyAct,the ...ExecutiveOrderdoesnotchangetheprevailinglegalthresholdsand ~%$ statutoryinterpretationsunderNEPAandexistingcaselaw.Forexample,foranEIStoberequired,theremustbeasufficientimpactontheenvironmenttobe significantwithinthemeaningofNEPA.Agencyconsiderationofimpactsonlowincomepopulations,minoritypopulationsorIndiantribesmayleadtotheidentificationofdisproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffectsthataresignificantandthatotherwisewouldbeoverlooked.CEQrequiresthatsignificancebeevaluatedintermsof"intensity"or"severityofimpact."Heretoo,thenarrowedfocuscouldaffectthedetermination.Severalfactorsthataffecttheevaluationofintensityarerelevanttosituationsinvolvingenvironmentaljusticeissues.Theseincludethedegreeofscientificcontroversy,uncertainty(sincedistributionalanalysisisrelativelynewintheNEPAcontextandthisintroducesanelementofuncertaintyinimpactassessment),andcumulativesignificanceofrelatedactions.  .)/  0 EnvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldsensitizeEPANEPAanalyststotheneedtofocusanalyseson relevantcontexts.Focusingtheanalysismayshowthatpotentialimpacts,whicharenotsignificantintheNEPAcontext,areparticularlydisproportionateorparticularlysevereonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities.Asmentionedpreviously,disproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsshouldtriggertheseriousconsiderationofalternativesandmitigationactionsincoordinationwithextensivecommunityoutreachefforts.     3.2.30  ScopingandPlanning ȿԀ T (#(#  0 Scopingconsistsofidentifyinganddefiningtherangeofactions,alternativesandimpactsthatwillbeconsideredinanenvironmentalimpactstatement(40CFR1508.25).DuringthescopingphaseoftheEISprocess,EPAmustconsiderconnected,cumulativeandsimilaractionstotheproposedaction,identifyalternativestotheproposedactionthatmaymitigateoravoidpotentialenvironmentalconsequences,andassesspotentialimpacts(direct,indirect,andcumulative).AsimilarplanningprocessisusedforEAs. 0 Theidentificationofenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandtheincorporationoftheseconcernsintothescopinganalysiscanhaveimplicationsforthenatureandextentofthescopinganalysis,theEISand/ortheEA.   9      ׀IndianTriberepresentationintheprocessshouldbesoughtinamannerthatisconsistentwiththe  governmenttogovernmentrelationshipbetweentheUnitedStatesandtribalgovernments,thefederalgovernmentstrustresponsibilitytofederallyrecognizedtribes,andtreatyrights.ThiswillhelptoensurethattheNEPAprocessisfullyutilizedtoaddressconcernsidentifiedbytribesandtoenhanceprotectionoftribalenvironmentsandresources.Asdefinedbytreaties,statutes,andexecutiveorders,thefederaltrustresponsibilitymayincludetheprotectionoftribalsovereignty,properties,naturalandculturalresources,andtribalculturalpractices.  3.2.3.1IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsintoEADevelopment 6 @  0 Iftheenvironmentaljusticescreeninganalysisdoesnotidentifyminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunities,andsuggestsnodisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonthosecommunitiesand/orontribalresources,thentheEAandFONSIshoulddescribetheanalysisandnotetheconclusion. 0 Iftheinitialscreeninganalysisidentifiesanaffectedcommunitythatisminorityand/orlowincomeoridentifiesadisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectuponaminoritycommunity,and/orontribalresources,oronalowincomecommunity,thenasmallerscalescopinganalysis(thanthatundertakenforanEIS)shouldbeconductedandsomelevelofpublicparticipationshouldbedesignedandimplementedtosolicitcommunityinvolvementandinput,andtodevelopalternativesandmitigationmeasures.Mitigationmeasuresshouldbedevelopedandalternativesshouldbecraftedsoastoallowanevaluationoftherelativedisproportionalityofimpactsacrossreasonablealternatives.TheEAalsoshouldincludeacomparativesocioeconomicanalysisthatisscaledandtailoredtoevaluatethepotentialeffectstotheminorityand/orlowincomecommunity(i.e.,inthecaseofenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,theEAshouldinclude %P ' socioeconomicanalysesscaledaccordingtotheseverityoftheimpacts).  3.2.3.2IncorporatingEnvironmentalJusticeConcernsinEISScoping   T("*  0 Iftheenvironmentaleffectsofaprojectaredeemedsignificant,thescopingnotices(includingthenoticeofintentfortheEIS)shouldincludeadescriptionoftheresultsoftheenvironmentaljusticescreeninganalysis.Iftheresultsofthescreeninganalysisarenegative(i.e.,anypotentiallyaffectedpopulationisnot +&. aminoritycommunityorlowincomecommunityandtheeffectsarenotlikelytofalldisproportionatelyonaminorityand/orlowincomecommunity,and/orontribalresources),thenthescopingnoticeshouldstatethisfindingandrequestadditionalinformationonwhethertheremaybedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsthatwereoverlookedduringthescreeninganalysis. 0  0 Iftheenvironmentaljusticescreeninganalysisconcludesthatthereisapotentialfordisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects,thentheEPANEPAanalystshouldensurethattheEISscopingprocessraisesenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandthatsufficientdataandinformationaregeneratedtoevaluatethesepotentialeffects.Priortothefullscalescopingprocess,publicoutreachstrategiesshouldbedevelopedandimplemented.Thepublicparticipationprocessshouldbeusedtodefineandevaluateenvironmentaljusticeconcernsby: 0 0  Consultingwithcommunityleadersandmembersofthesurroundingcommunitiestoseektheir x  assistanceinidentifyingallminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesthatmaybeaffectedbytheproposedaction. (#(#  0 0  Consultingwithofficialsintribal,stateand/orlocalgovernmentagenciesovertheenvironmental @  andhumanhealthconcernswithintheregionandwhomaybefamiliarwiththedemographicsoftheaffectedpopulations.WhereenvironmentsofIndiantribesmaybeaffected,agenciesmustconsiderpertinenttreaty,statutoryorexecutiveorderrightsandconsultwithtribalgovernmentsinamannerconsistentwiththegovernmenttogovernmentrelationship. (#(#  0 0  Solicitinginformationfromthelocalcommunityonpotentialenvironmentaljusticeissuesthrough 8 publicparticipationefforts(seeChapter4foradiscussionofpublicparticipation). (#(#  0 0  Solicitingpubliccommentonenvironmentalissuesthroughformalpublicnoticeandcomment < procedurestailoredtothecommunity(seeChapter4). (#(#  0 0  IftheproposedactivityisdeemedsignificanttowarrantthedevelopmentofanEIS,orifthe 0 communityhasraisedsignificantconcernstobeaddressedinanEA,EPAshouldestablishacommunityadvisoryboardtoworkwithEPAinthedevelopmentoftherespectiveNEPAdocuments. (#(#  0 ThepublicparticipationeffortsdesignedaspartofthescopingeffortforanEISshouldclearlydescribeanyenvironmentaljusticeconcernsidentifiedbyEPA,andshouldspecificallyaskthepublictosuggestalternativesandmitigationmeasuresaimedatreducingoravoidingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.TheAgencyalsoshoulddesigncomparativesocioeconomic,environmentalandhealthanalysesofallreasonablealternativesandmitigationmeasuresthataretailoredand/orscaledtoevaluatetheimpactstotheaffectedminorityand/orlowincomecommunityand/ortribalresources.  & !(   3.2.40  IdentificationofAffectedResources  (#(#  0 CEQregulationsstatethatanEISisrequiredonlywhenthereisasignificantimpactonthephysicalornaturalenvironment.Notwithstanding,earlyintheEAand/orEISprocess,theEPANEPAanalystshouldidentifythephysicalenvironmentandallnaturalresourcesthatcouldbepotentiallyaffectedbytheproposedactionandbyalternativeactions.TheEPANEPAanalystshoulddevelopafullunderstandingofbaselinedemographic,socioeconomic,andenvironmentalconditionssothatacomprehensiveassessmentofthetypesofimpactsthatmaybeimposeduponallhumanandnaturalresources(e.g.,air,water,soils, X  wildlife)canbeconductedandanunderstandingofhowtheseimpactsmaytranslateintohumanhealthconcernscanbedeveloped.Foradetaileddiscussiononhoweffectstohumanhealthandnaturalresourcesmightbedetermined,pleasereferenceSection2.2. 0 Toaccountforpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,EPANEPAanalystsshouldbesensitivetoidentifyingwhetheraffectedresourcesareusedbyaminorityorlowincomecommunity.Inaddition,analysesofpotentialeffectsonallsurroundingresourcesshouldbefocusednarrowlyorspecificallytowardhowpotentialeffectstotheseresourcesmaytranslateintodisproportionatelyhighoradversehumanhealthand/orenvironmentaleffectsonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities. 0 TheEPANEPAanalystshoulduseallmeansavailabletoidentifyparticularnaturalresourcesthat,ifaffectedbytheproposedaction,couldhaveadisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities.Inparticular,naturalresourcesthatsupportsubsistenceliving(e.g.,hunting,  fishing,gathering)shouldbeidentified.Inaddition,IndianTribesmayhavetreatyprotectedresourcesonoroffreservationlandsandmayholdsomenaturalresourcessacredduetoreligiousbeliefsand/orsocial/ceremonialties.Alternativesandmitigationmeasuresshouldbeexplicitlysolicitedfromtheaffectedcommunityearlyintheprocess,suchasduringscoping.Throughouttheprocess,butespeciallybeginninginthisphase,theAgencyshouldprovideaffectedcommunitieswithtechnicalassistancetoensurethatthecommunitiesthoroughlyunderstandtheproposedactionandhavemeaningfulparticipationandinput.Allresourcesthatcouldbeaffectedshouldbethoroughlydevelopedanddocumented.AdiscussionofallfindingsshouldbesharedwithpotentiallyaffectedcommunitiesduringpublicparticipationphasesoftheNEPAprocesstoensurefulldisclosureandtosolicitadditionalpubliccommentandinput.  3.2.50  IdentificationofAlternatives  8(#(#  0 NEPAandtheCEQregulationsrequiretheidentificationanddevelopmentofareasonablearrayofalternatives.Inaddition,CEQrequiresthatallreasonablealternatives,includinga"noaction"alternative,mustbeanalyzedrigorouslyandobjectively.Theselectionofpotentialalternativesshouldbeginearlyintheevaluationand,infact,shouldbepartofthescopingprocess.Inaddition,ifenvironmentaljusticeissuesareidentified,thenalternativesshouldbedrawnsoastoallowanassessmentofthedisproportionatenatureoftheeffects,aswellasthemagnitudeoftheeffects,onthecommunitiesofconcern. 0 Anevaluationofpotentialenvironmentaljusticeissuesshouldbeconductedforallreasonablealternatives.Inaddition,foreachalternativethatmayresultinpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,mitigationmeasuresaimedspecificallyatthoseimpactsshouldbeidentifiedandanalyzed.Theresultsofallanalysesofenvironmentaljusticeissues,includingstudyresultsthatidentifynoenvironmentaljusticeissues,shouldbedescribedfullyinscopingdocuments,EISsandEAs.Allresultsshouldbefullydisclosedduringpublicparticipationprocedures,andpubliccommentandinputontheanalysesandconclusionsshouldbesolicited.Chapter2providesanoverviewofthefactorsthatshouldbeevaluatedtoidentifyanddefinepotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns.Thesefactorswillalsobehelpfulinunderstandingtheneedformitigationoradditionalalternativesandidentifyingmitigationoralternativeoptions.  $.(1     0 TheEPANEPAanalystshouldkeepinmindthatthegoalofidentifyinganddevelopingalternativesformitigatingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsisnottodistributetheimpactsproportionallyordivertthemtoanonminorityorhigherincomecommunity.Instead,alternativesshouldbedevelopedthatmitigateoravoideffectstoboththepopulationatlargeandanydisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityorlowincomecommunities.Inotherwords,thegoalofdevelopingreasonablealternativesisnottomovetheimpactsaround,buttoidentifyviablealternativeactionsthatmeetprogramgoalsandavoidorreducetheenvironmental,socioeconomic,humanhealthand/orecologicaleffectsassociatedwiththepreferredaction.Generally,thetypesofalternativesthatmaypotentiallyleadtotheavoidanceorreductionofeffectsinclude:a)theidentificationofalternatelocationsorsiteswhereimpactstosusceptiblepopulationsorenvironmentswillbeavoided;b)alteringthetimingofplannedactivitiesorperiodicemissionstoaccountforseasonaldependenciesonnaturalresources;c)theadoptionofpollutionpreventionpracticesandpoliciestoreduceormitigateemissionsand/orimpacts;d)reducingthesizeorintensityofanaction;ande)takingnoaction.  3.2.60  PredictionofEnvironmentalConsequences    (#(#  0 CEQregulationsrequiregovernmentagenciestoidentify,predictanddescribereasonablyforeseeablebeneficialaswellasadversechangestoexistingconditionsthatmayresultfromimplementingeithertheproposedactionoralternativeactions.Impactsacrossalternativesmustbecompared.Thepredictionanddescriptionofpotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsmustbeginduringthescreeningandscopingstagesoftheprocess,asnotedabove.ThroughouttheNEPAprocess,environmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbeidentified,disclosed,anddiscussedwithaffectedcommunities. 0 InpreparinganEISorEA,ecologicalandhumanhealthriskassessmentsareconductedtoidentifyandevaluatepotentialenvironmentalandhumanhealthimpactsthatmaybeimposed.Inaddition,interrelatedsocioeconomicimpactsthatwouldresultfromaproposedactionandalternativesareanalyzed.Chapter5providesanoverviewofthetypesofanalysesandanalyticaltoolsthatmaybeusedtoanalyzetheseissuesandapproachesthatmaybeappropriatetoassessdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Again,throughoutthedevelopmentandpublicdisclosureofEPANEPAanalysesandfindings,fulldiscussionsoftheanalyticalprocessundertakentoidentifyenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandallfindingsandconclusionsshouldbedisclosedtoanddiscussedwithallaffectedandinterestedparties. 0 InevaluatingtheenvironmentalimpactsoftheproposedactionandalternativeactionsinanEIS,CEQregulations(40CFR1508.25)requireEPAtoconsider:threetypesofactions(connectedactions,cumulativeactions,andsimilaractions);threetypesofalternatives(noaction,otherreasonablecourse(s)ofactions,andmitigationmeasuresnotintheproposedaction);andthreetypesofimpacts(direct,indirect,andcumulative).Environmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbeidentifiedandanalyzedwithinthecontextofallactions,alternativesandimpacts.Exhibit4providesexamplesofhowenvironmentaljusticeissuescould ariseand/orbeconsideredforeachofthesevariables. %|& .O?;x| ( p @ PE(X"x)..O?;x| ( p @ PE(X"x)  .     3.2.70  MitigationMeasures  (#(#  0 Regulationsrequirethatmitigationmeasuresbedevelopedtoaddressenvironmentaleffects,includingcumulativeimpacts,threatenedbyproposedactions(40CFR1502.14(f)and1502.16(h)).Inaddition,mitigationmeasuresshouldbedevelopedspecificallytoaddresspotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstominorityand/orlowincomecommunities.Whenidentifyinganddevelopingpotentialmitigationmeasurestoaddressenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,membersoftheaffectedcommunitiesshouldbeconsulted.Enhancedpublicparticipationeffortsshouldalsobeconductedtoensurethateffectivemitigationmeasuresareidentifiedandthattheeffectsofanypotentialmitigationmeasuresarefullyanalyzedandcompared(seeChapter4).  Mitigationmeasuresmayincludeavarietyofapproachesforaddressingpotentialeffectsandbalancingtheneedsandconcernsoftheaffectedcommunitywiththerequirementsoftheactionoractivity.Forexample,potentialmitigationmeasuresforaddressingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectscouldinclude:?X0O00 ( X000 ? 0 1.0 O Reducingpollutantloadingsthroughchangesinprocessesortechnologies.$ O(#O(#  0 2.0 O Reducingoreliminatingothersourcesofpollutantsorimpactstoreducecumulativeeffects.D O(#O(#  0 3.0 O Planningforandaddressingindirectimpactspriortoprojectinitiation(e.g.,planningfor t alternativepublictransportationalternativesiftheprojectmayresultinincreasedpopulationgrowth). O(#O(#  0 4.0 O Providingassistancetoanaffectedcommunitytoensurethatitreceivesatleastitsfair(i.e., < proportional)shareoftheanticipatedbenefitsoftheproposedaction(e.g.,throughjobtraining,  communityinfrastructureimprovements). O(#O(#  0 5.0 O Relocatingaffectedcommunities,uponrequestorwithconcurrencefromtheaffectedindividuals.O(#O(#  0 6.0 O Establishmentofacommunityoversightcommitteetomonitorprogressandidentifypotential 4 communityconcerns. O(#O(#  0 7.0 O Changingthetimingofimpactcausingactions(e.g.,noise,pollutantloadings)toreduceeffects 8 onminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunities. O(#O(# 0 0 8.0O0(#0(#Conductingmedicalmonitoringonaffectedcommunitiesandprovidingtreatmentorother !," responsesifnecessary. O(#O(# Ifmitigationmeasuresaredeterminedtobenecessarytoreducedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityand/orlowincomecommunities,and/ortribalresources,thenthemeasuresshouldbecommittedtointheFONSIorROD.Thisprovidesanadditionalavenueforpublicnoticeandinvolvement.Otherstepsthatcanbeconsideredtoensurethatmitigationmeasuresareeffectiveandareimplementedincludethefollowing: 0 0 O Establishingthemitigationmeasureasarequirementinthepermitorauthorizingdocument.()#+O(#O(# ?X000 ( X0O00 ? 0 0  Requiringfinancingattheoutsetoftheprojectforbothimplementingthemeasureandmonitoring *H%- itseffectiveness.Ensureclearlydefinedmonitoringguidelinesareinplace. (#(#  0 0  Requiringmonitoringreporting,whichshouldbemadeavailabletothepublic.L-'0(#(#  0 0  Identifyingclearconsequencesandpenaltiesforfailuretoimplementeffectivemitigationmeasures..l)2(#(# Ї   3.2.8  Decisions      0 ThetwoNEPAdecisiondocumentsidentifiedinCEQregulationsare:1)aRODfollowinganEISand,2)aFONSIfollowinganEA.AllEPANEPAdecisiondocumentsshouldincludeaconcisesummaryofallstepsundertakentoidentifyenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandtheresultsofthosesteps.Incaseswhereenvironmentaljusticeconcernsareidentified,thedecisiondocumentsshouldfullydiscusstheseconcerns,explainallalternativesandmitigationoptionsthatwereanalyzed,andexplainhowenvironmentaljusticeconcernsfactoredintothedecision.IncaseswhereeffectstotriballandsorresourceshavebeenidentifiedandtheIndianTribeandEPAdisagreeastothepreferredalternativeormitigationmeasures,theIndianTribemayrequestthattheEPAinitiateadisputeresolutionprocesstoresolvethisconflict.Inaddition,publicparticipationeffortsrelatedtoenvironmentaljusticeconcernsshouldbedocumentedinthedecisiondocument.Finally,mitigationmeasuresthatareevaluated,disclosedtothepublic,andchoseninconjunctionwiththealternativetobeimplementedshouldbeidentifiedanddiscussed.Ifnoconcernsareidentified,thisfindingshouldbestatedalongwiththebasisofEPA'sconclusion.    4.0PUBLICPARTICIPATION M  D  A 0 AdequatepublicparticipationiscrucialtoincorporatingenvironmentaljusticeconsiderationsintoEPA'sNEPAactions,bothtoenhancethequalityoftheanalysesandtoensurethatpotentiallyaffectedpartiesarenotoverlookedandexcludedfromtheprocess.PublicparticipationunderNEPAinvolvestwowaycommunications,withEPAreceivinginformation,comments,andadvice,aswellasdisseminatinginformationonpossibleapproaches,analyses,anddecisions.Thisisparticularlyimportantwhentherearepotentialenvironmentaljusticeissuesinvolved.Tosufficientlyandadequatelyaddresspotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandcommunicatewithpotentiallyaffectedcommunities,theEPANEPAanalystshouldincludeoneormorepersonswhoarefamiliarwithenvironmentaljusticeissuesandappropriatecommunicationsstrategies.ItisimportantthatEPAtakestepstoencourageandfacilitatemoreactiveparticipationbylowincomecommunitiesandminoritycommunitiesinitsNEPAprocess.Thisgoalcanbeaccomplishedthroughcarefulidentificationoftargetaudiencesandaggressivecommunityoutreachbeyondthetraditionalforms. 0 ThereareestablishedproceduresforpublicparticipationinNEPAactionsanddecisionmakingprocesses(asinotherfederalactions).However,theseprocedureshavenotalwaysbeensuccessfulininformingorgainingparticipationbyminoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunities.Althoughtheymaybemostaffected,theymaybetheleastinformed,simplybecauseofthemeansofcommunicationsused;thiscanbeforanynumberofobviousreasons,suchaslanguage,culture,educationallevelorgeographiclocation.Inmostcases,relativelysimpleapproacheswellwithinthepurviewof"standard"publicparticipationtechniquescanovercomemostbarrierstoinformingandseekinginvolvementofinterestedoraffectedcommunities.ThisinturncanensurethatfederaldecisionsareconsistentwithExecutiveOrder12898andenhancetheactualandperceivedfairnessoffederalactions. 0 ThefirstsubsectionbelowbrieflydescribespublicparticipationthatisrequiredduringtheNEPAprocessbyCEQandEPAregulations.Thenextsubsectionthenidentifiesanumberofthespecialconcernsanduniqueissuesthatmayariseinaddressingenvironmentaljusticeissues,andidentifiesseveralmechanismsthatmaybeusedinEPA'sNEPAprocesstoaddressthosespecialconcernsandissues.  4.10 0 PublicParticipationUnderNEPA t + &.0(#0(#  0 PublicparticipationisoneofthehallmarksofNEPA,andisreflectedinCEQ'sandEPA'sNEPA regulations.Accordingto40CFR6.400(a),"EPAshallmakediligenteffortstoinvolvethepublicinthe (.(1 environmentalreviewprocess...."ThereareseveralclearlydefinedstepsinpublicparticipationunderNEPA,andthesearedescribedbelow.    0 Scoping .CEQregulationsrequire"scoping"followingthepublicationofanoticeofintenttoprepare | anEIS,butbeforetheEISisprepared.CEQregulationsdefinescopingas"anearlyandopenprocessfordeterminingthescopeofissuestobeaddressedandforidentifyingthesignificantissuesrelatedtoaproposedaction"(40CFR1501.7).Ingeneral,scopinghasthreebroadpurposes:identifyingpublicandagencyconcernswithaproposedaction,definingissuesandalternativestobeexaminedindetail,andsavingtimebyensuringthatrelevantissuesareidentifiedearlyanddrivetheanalyses(see40CFR1500.4(g),1500.5(d)).Apublicmeetingisheldduringscoping,withnoticeofthemeetingmadeinthe  x  FederalRegister,localnewspapers,andutilizingothermeansofannouncingpublicmeetings,depending  L  oncasespecificcircumstances. 0 ScopingforEAsisnotaddressedineitherCEQorEPAregulations.Inpractice,EAscopingcanrangefromaprocessmoreorlessidenticaltothatusedforEISs,torelativelyminimalinvolvementofoutsideparties. 0 CEQhasindicatedthatthescopingprocessends"oncetheissuesandalternativestobeaddressedintheEIShavebeenclearlyidentified,"usually"duringthefinalstagesofpreparingthedraftEIS..."(CEQ"GuidanceRegardingNEPARegulations").Itisemphasizedthatpublicparticipationdoesnotendhere,butcontinuesthroughouttheNEPAprocess,asdescribedbelow,andevenbeyond. 0 PublicreviewofEISsandEAs .Aswithscoping,CEQandEPANEPAregulationsclearlyspecify < themeansbywhichthepublicisinvolvedinreviewingdraftandfinalEISs.EPAregulationsrequireatleastonepublicmeetingonalldraftEISs(40CFR6.400(c)).Themeetingisgenerallyannouncedinthe p FederalRegisterandinlocalnewspapersandbyothermeans.Regulationsalsoprovideothermeansof D solicitingcommentsandinformation.Commentsmustbesolicitedfromotherappropriatefederal,tribal,state,andlocalagencies,andfromthepublic,specificallyincludingarequestforcommentsfrom"thosepersonsororganizationswhomaybeinterestedoraffected"(40CFR1503.1(a)(4)). 0 EPAthenhastoconsiderandaddressallcommentsreceivedonthedraftEISinpreparingthefinalEIS,andfinalEISsmustincluderesponsestocomments.AswithdraftEISs,finalEISsarenoticedinthe < FederalRegisterandelsewhere.Again,interestedpartiesmaysubmitcommentsonfinalEISspriorto    EPA'sfinaldecisions. 0 EAsmustbemadeavailabletothepublic(40CFR1506.6:C.E.Q.40Questions,#38).Acombinationofmethodsmaybeusedtoprovidenoticeofavailability;themethodsshouldbetailoredtotheneedsofparticularcases.TraditionallytherehasbeenlimitedpublicinvolvementbeforeandduringEApreparationbyEPAunlessthereisaquestionofsignificance(i.e.,somequestionastowhetheranEISis %& necessary)orsomeparticularpublicinterest.   0  PublicreviewofRODsandFONSIs .RecordsofDecisiononEISsmustbedisseminatedtoallthose '!) whocommentedonthedraftorfinalEIS(40CFR6.400(e)).NopublicreviewisrequiredpriortoorafterissuanceoftheROD.FindingsofNoSignificantImpactonEAs,incontrast,mustbemadeavailableforpublicreviewbeforetheybecomeeffective(40CFR6.400(d)),andthisinvolvesatleastlocalnoticeandadvertising.TheFONSIand"attendantpublication"muststatethatcommentsdisagreeingwiththedecisionmaybesubmitted,andanysuchcommentsmustbeconsideredbyEPA(40CFR6.400(d)). .t)2   4.20 0 MechanismstoEnhanceParticipation , 0(#0(#  0 ThepublicparticipationprovisioninExecutiveOrder12898anditsaccompanyingmemorandumaredesignedtoensurethatthereisadequateandeffectivecommunicationbetweenfederaldecisionmakersandaffectedlowincomecommunitiesandminoritycommunities.ThisisconsistentwiththeNEPAmandatetoinvolvethepublic.Theinvolvementoflowincomecommunitiesand/orminoritycommunities,however,presentssomechallengestowhathascometobethe"normal"patternofformalpublicparticipationunderNEPA.Inordertoestablishtrustwithalltypesofstakeholders,interactionwiththeaffectedcommunityshould: 0 0  Encourageactivecommunityparticipation. L (#(#  0 0  Recognizecommunityknowledge.| (#(#  0 0  Utilizecrossculturalformatsandexchanges.$ (#(#  0 InallcaseswhereEPA'sinitialscreeningindicatesthatthereisapotentialfordisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonlowincomeand/orminoritycommunities,theAgencyshouldmakeaconcertedefforttoidentifystakeholdersintheaffectedcommunityandincludethefollowinggroupsandorganizationsintheiroutreachefforts: 0 0  Environmentalorganizationsandagenciesh(#(#  0 0  Minoritybusinesses,associationsandtradeorganizations(#(#  0 0  Civicassociationsandpublicinterestgroups@(#(#  0 0  Grassroots/communitybasedsocialserviceorganizations`(#(#  0 0  Federalelectedofficialsandagencies(#(#  0 0  Homeownersortenantsassociations,neighborhoodwatchgroupsandresidentorganizations8(#(#  0 0  Laborunionsandorganizations X!(#(#  0 0  Stateandlocalelectedofficialsandagencies"#(#(#  0 0  Newsmedia,theInternetandotherelectronicmedia0$%(#(#  0  0 0  TribalgovernmentsandTribalorganizations%P '(#(#  0 0  Religiousgroupsandorganizations'!)(#(#  0 0  Libraries,vocationalandotherschools,collegesanduniversities()#+(#(#  0 0  Medicalcommunity*H%-(#(#  0 0  Legalaidprovidersx,&/(#(#  0 0  Ruralcooperatives .(1(#(#  .l)2  0 0  Civilrightsorganizations(#(#  0 0  Seniorcitizensgroups0(#(#  0 Othersourcesofadviceareethnicandculturalbasedenvironmentaljusticenetworks(e.g.,Indigenous P EnvironmentalNetwork,SouthwestNetworkforEnvironmentalandEconomicJustice,SouthernOrganizingCommittee).ThePeopleofColorEnvironmentalGroupsDirectory   10      isavaluablemajorsourceof   informationonsuchlocalgroupsandindividuals.Similarly,HistoricallyBlackCollegesandUniversities,TribalCollegesandUniversitiesorotherhighereducationinstitutionslocatedinareaswithorservingpredominantlyminorityorlowincomeareas,maybeabletoassistEPAindesigning(andparticipatingin)publicparticipationstrategies.Exhibit5identifiesanumberofparticularcommunicationschallengesandpossibleapproachestoovercomingthesechallengesinaddressingenvironmentaljusticeissues.Theseshouldbesupplementedbycasespecificadviceonchallengesandonsolutionsthataresolicitedfromlocalexpertsandothersfamiliarwithboththeproposedactionandtheaffectedcommunity.  L  *fed2d #(d (#(#f,rd ,t +  9&  9Exhibit.5..4..CommunicationsIssuesofParticularConcerninLowIncomeand/orMinorityCommunities VA-"   V!9&!&!&&9!Challenge ?* ?PossibleApproachestoOvercoming#!9&!&?# QB* 0   Q!.9!6DD+X000 6fLanguageor 8  Communicationbarriers 4! 8 40 2 Provideassistancetohearingorsightimpairedindividuals8 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Providesimultaneoustranslationofmeetings 82 *#2 *# 0 2 UselocaltranslatorswherepossibleH  2 *#2 *# 0 2 Translatekeydocumentsinentirety(notices,summaries,etc.) H 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Establish"commentline"(e.g.,800number)forcallerstoleaverecordedcommentsX  2 *#2 *# 0 2 Advertisemeetings/processinalternativelanguagemedium X 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Designcommunicationstrategytoreachallsegmentsofpopulationh  2 *#2 *# 0 2 Usefacilitatedmeetingratherthanconventionalstandupcommentstoencouragecomments RC+ h2 *#2 *#   RDistancetomeetingorinconvenientaccess(e.g.,ruralorcrosstown) 4!  40 2 Arrangefor"commentline"(e.g.,800number)toprovideremoteaccesstomeetingortoallowcallersto   leaverecordedcomments 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Arrangefortelephonetieinfromseverallocations(e.g.,fromseveralschools,religiouscenters)  2 *#2 *# 0 2 Holdseriesofshortermeetings(downto12hourseach)inmultiplelocations 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Arrangeforalternativetransportation(possiblythroughproponent)0 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Ensurelocationisaccessibletopublictransportationandidentifyitineraryinnotices0 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Uselocalcablechannelbroadcastwithtelephonecallin@ 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Haveproponentprovidetransportationvouchers@ 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Seekadviceoflocalgroups/individualsP 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Arrangeforsatellitelinkup(perhapsfundedbyproponent) RC+P2 *#2 *#  ^RUnfamiliarsurroundings(governmentbuildings,luxuryhotel,etc.) 4! 40 2 Useschoolsorotherlocalfacilitiesincludingreligiouscenters,churches,temples,mosquesp 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Haveseveralsmallerdecentralizedmeetings,includingopenairmeetings(possiblywithtentbackup)in ! season 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Seekadvicefromlocalgroups/individuals#2 *#2 *# 0 2 Uselocalfacilitator$2 *#2 *# 0 2 Establish"commentline"(e.g.,800number)forcallerstoleaverecordedcommentsortoparticipatefrom % remotelocations RC+(&2 *#2 *# ^  ROutsidenormalEPAcommunicationsloops(i.e.,FederalRegister, X) newspapers) 4!X* 40 2 Useproactiveapproachtoidentifystakeholder(bothgroupsandaffectedindividuals).Consultwithlocal H+ advocates/publicinterestgroupstoidentifyoutreachmechanismsandrefertothePeopleofColor H, EnvironmentalGroupsDirectory.X-2 *#2 *# 0 2 Disseminateinformationthroughalternativemedia(neighborhoodorganizationnewsletters,religious X. centers,fliers,localcableaccesschannel,localradiobroadcasts,etc.). 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Cosponsorpublicmeetingswithlocalcommunitygroupstonurturetrustandcredibility.h02 *#2 *# 0 2 Makeannouncementstothoseonthemailinglist;makefollowupphonecallstoencourageattendance.x12 *#2 *# 0 2 Directconsultationwithtribalgovernmentsandpublicmeetingsattribalfacilitiesoron/neartriballands. RC+x22 *#2 *#   lRFormatofMeetings 4! 3 40 2 Usetownhalltypemeetings. 42 *#2 *# 0 2 Avoid"panelofexperts" 52 *#2 *# 0 2 Usesmallfocusgroupseminarsorworkshops.062 *#2 *# 0 2 Usecommunity"experts"andcommentsaspartofcommunicationstrategy072 *#2 *# 0 2 Seekadviceoflocalgroups.@ 82 *#2 *# 0 2 Useatrainedfacilitatorwhoissensitivetoenvironmentaljusticeissues. RC+ @92 *#2 *# l  RScheduleconflicts(i.e.,conflictwithworkinghours,workingdays) 4!"p< 40 2 Conductpersonalinterviewsusingaudioorvideorecordingdevices!`=2 *#2 *# 0 2 Holdafterhoursand/orweekendmeetingsorsessionsp">2 *#2 *# 0 2 Holdmeetingsonsuccessivedays"p?2 *#2 *# 0 2 Holdmultipleshortermeetingsatdiversetimes/days#@2 *#2 *# 0 2 Establish"commentline"(e.g.,800number)forcallerstoleaverecordedcomments$A2 *#2 *# 0 2 Arrangeforchildcare(possiblyfundedbyproponent) RC+$B2 *#2 *#   RTechnicallycomplexissues 4!8& D 40 2 Providesufficientbackgroundexplanationsbeyondtheusualmeans%( E2 *#2 *# 0 2 Useplainlanguageinmeetingsandprintedmaterial8& F2 *#2 *# 0 2 Seekadviceoflocalgroups/individuals&8!G2 *#2 *# 0 2 Providehandsondemonstrations/participation(e.g.,toursofsimilarfacilities/locations)H'!H2 *#2 *# 0 2 Usevisualpresentations(e.g.,pictures,videos)'H"I2 *#2 *# 0 2 ProvidetwowaycommunicationQ&AX("J2 *#2 *# 0 2 Usebackgroundsummaryreports,factsheets,andabstracts(X#K2 *#2 *# 0 2 Providetechnicaland/orfinancialassistancetocommunity,localorganization,and/ortribalgovernmentto h)#L review,evaluate,andcommentontheNEPAdocumentsandprovidemeaningfulinputthroughouttheNEPAprocess. P?+x*$N2 *#2 *#   PTrust 4!+&O 40 2 ClearlypresentgoalsofNEPA,theproposedaction,thepublicinvolvementprocess,andwhatisexpected +&P tobegainedfromtheprocess 2 *#2 *# 0 2 Donotoversell:presentuncertaintiesandlimitations, 'R2 *#2 *# 0 2 Goalsshouldbewrittenandinclearlanguage0-'S2 *#2 *# 0 2 Presentexperiencesandtrackrecord,successesandfailures;1/-0(T2 *#2 *# 0   ; 33f!&&.! .(T 3X$" DX+3 $ EPAanticipatedimpactsandcommunityperceptionsofthoseimpacts(andtheirfairness)canbevery different,sobothmustbeconsidered.Whenperceptionsaretheconcern,anefforttoinvolveandinformthecommunitycangoalongwaytowardbuildingconfidencethatEPA'sanalysesandactionsarewellintendedandbalanced.Whenactualimpacts(i.e.,disproportionatelyhighandadversehumanhealthorenvironmentaleffects)aretheconcern,theparticipationcanservetoeducatetheAgencyandhelpidentifythemeanstoidentifyalternativesand/ormitigatetheimpacts. $ AlthoughEPAandCEQpublicparticipationregulationsfocusprimarilyonpublicmeetings,thereareothermechanismsthatcanalsofacilitatepublicinput.Oncecommunityleadersandstakeholdershavebeenidentifiedandadialogueestablished,amailinglistshouldbeassembledsothatinformationcanbesenttothisgroup,aswellasformalannouncementsofapublicmeeting. $ Anothermechanismforprovidinginformationtothepublicistheestablishmentofinformationrepositorieswhichareaccessibletomembersoftheaffectedcommunity.Locationscanincludelibraries,churches,communitycenters,etc.Technicaldocumentsshouldcontainasummarywrittentothelaypublicandtranslated,ifnecessary,intothedominantlanguageoftheaffectedcommunity. $ Meaningfulpublicparticipationisbasedonthepropositionthatpeopleshouldhaveasayindecisionswhichaffecttheirlivesinasignificantway.Thus,forthepublicparticipationprocesstobeeffective,itmust: $ 0  Seekoutandfacilitatetheinvolvementofthosepotentiallyaffected;^(#(#  $ 0  Containtheimplicitcommitmentbydecisionmakerstoseriouslyconsidertheinputofthepublic; Z and (#(#  $ 0  Communicatetoparticipantshowtheiradvicewasorwasnotutilized.T(#(#  $ Minoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitiesarenodifferentthananyotherinthattherearenearlyasmanyopinionsastherearepeople.Thus,itisimportantnottofocusexclusivelyononemechanism(oronepersonoronegroup)fordisseminatingorsolicitinginformation.Rather,itisimportanttouseasmanyavenuesaspossibletosolicitparticipationandtodisseminateinformation.Forexample,whenthereareformalorinformalrepresentativesthatpurporttospeakforawiderpopulation,itisalwaysadvisabletoseekdivergentopinions. $ Dr.RobertBullard,DirectoroftheSchoolofArtsandSciencesatClarkAtlantaUniversity,providesaframeworkforpublicparticipationwhenaddressingenvironmentaljusticeconcernsduringtheNEPAprocess.Dr.Bullardpointsoutthateffectivepublicinvolvementstrategieshavefourcommoncharacteristics:inclusiveness,representation,parity,andcommunication.Inclusivenessreferstotheassurancethatallaffectedcommunitiesandstakeholdersarerepresentedandinvolvedinthedecisionmakingprocess.Intermsofrepresentation,hepointsoutthatitiscrucialthatthepersonswhoarerepresentingaspecificcommunityorstakeholdergrouptrulyreflectthatcommunity's,stakeholder's,andconstituent'sviews,values,andnorms.Parityinvolvesallstakeholdergroupshavingequalopportunity 4/)* andcapacitytoprovideinputandfullparticipation,aswellasanequalvoiceinthedecisionmakingprocess.Dr.Bullardfurtherpointsoutthataneffectivecommunicationsstrategyaccountsfordifferentgroupsweighingandactingupongovernmentactionsandpoliciesdifferently.Aneffectivecommunicationsstrategyrecognizes,respects,andvaluesculturaldiversityofcommunitiesandstakeholdersthatrepresentaspecificrace,ethnicgroup,gender,age,geographicregion,andahostofothercharacteristics. $ Asmentionedabove,arecommendedapproachtoensureadequatepublicparticipationbyminorityand/orlowincomecommunitieswhenthescreeninganalysisindicatestheremaybedisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsistoincludeapersonfamiliarwithenvironmentaljusticepublicparticipationissuesonthe"projectreviewteam."CEQ"GuidanceRegardingNEPARegulations"recommendsthataninteragencyprojectreviewteambeusedwhenappropriate,withtheteamfunctioningasasourceofinformation,acoordinationmechanism,andanexpertreviewteam.Whenenvironmentaljusticeissuesmustbefaced,thereviewteamshouldconsultwiththelocalcommunity(includingbutnotlimitedtoorganizedgroupsconcernedwithenvironmentaljustice)duringandfollowingscoping,andshouldprovidespecializedexpertisetoEISpreparers. $ ThefollowingareadditionalmechanismsforenhancingparticipationintheNEPAprocess:1)allowpublicreviewofRODs;2)governmenttogovernmentconsultationwithtribalgovernments,includingformalrequestsforIndianTribestoseekparticipationascooperatingagencies;3)CommunityAdvisoryBoardsforthedevelopmentofNEPAdocuments;4)communityconsultants;and5)technicalassistancetoaffectedcommunitiestoenhanceunderstandingofproposedaction,technicaldocuments,andfullrangeofpotentialalternativesandmitigationmeasures. $ Ingeneral,theeffortexpendedinactivelysolicitingcommunityinvolvementaftertheinitialscreeningprocessshouldreflectthepotentialsignificanceoftheeffects.Asnotedabove,however,thereshouldbesomeefforttocommunicatewithstakeholdersinallcases,includingEAs,wherethescreeninganalysisidentifiespotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.AlthoughthehealthorenvironmentalimpactsanalyzedinEAsmaynotbe"significant,"fromtheNEPAstandpoint,theymaybeperceivedassignificantbyaffectedparties.AlthoughthisconcernwouldnottriggeranEIS,itshouldtriggermoreEISlikescopingandpublicparticipationpriortoandfollowingEApreparation.Totheextentpracticableandconsistentwithregulations,anEISlikepublicparticipationprocessshouldbeundertakenforEAswhensocialoreconomicimpactswillbeorareperceivedtobesubstantial,evenwhentheimpactsarenotexpectedtobesignificant. @ 9  5.0METHODSANDTOOLSFORIDENTIFYINGANDASSESSING B("# @p p >DISPROPORTIONATELYHIGHANDADVERSEEFFECTS y  E)#$  $ AfundamentalstepforincorporatingenvironmentaljusticeconcernsintoEPANEPAcomplianceactivitiesisidentifyingminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesthatmaybeardisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsasaresultofaproposedaction.Oncetheseminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesareidentifiedandlocated,thepotentialfordisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstothesecommunitiesmustbeassessed.Itisimportanttounderstandwheresuchcommunitiesarelocatedandhowthelivesand >/)* livelihoodsofmembersofthesecommunitiesmaybeimpactedbyproposedandalternativeactions.Minoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitiesarelikelytobedependentupontheirsurroundingenvironment(e.g.,subsistenceliving),moresusceptibletopollutionandenvironmentaldegradation(e.g.,  reducedaccesstohealthcare),andareoftenlessmobileortransientthanotherpopulations(e.g.,unable  torelocatetoavoidpotentialimpacts).Eachofthesefactorscancontributetominorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesbearingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Therefore,developinganunderstandingofwherethesecommunitiesarelocatedandhowtheymaybeparticularlyimpactedbygovernmentactionsshouldbeafundamentalaspectoftheEAandEISdevelopmentprocess. $ Currently,EAsandEISsgenerallyevaluateandcomparepotentialenvironmental,ecological,economicand/orhumanhealthriskimpactsamongandbetweenbroadlydefinedaffectedareasandpopulations.Potentialimpactstosmallerpopulations,individualcommunities,neighborhoods,censustracts,orenvironments(e.g.,singlelakeorwatershedwithinalargeraffectedarea)arenotgenerally p  isolated,ordisassociatedfromtotalimpacts. $ Minorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesareoftenconcentratedinsmallgeographicalareaswithinthelargergeographicallyand/oreconomicallydefinedpopulationcentertargetedforstudy.Minoritycommunitiesandlowincomecommunitiesmaycompriseaverysmallpercentageofthetotalpopulationand/orgeographicalarea.Therefore,theassumptionsandinputsusedinconjunctionwithtraditionalanalyticaltoolsforstudyingpotentialimpactsunderNEPA,andtheresultsoftheanalyses,maynotfullyreflecttheimpactsthatmaybebornebythesesmallercommunitiesorpopulations.Ananalysisofdisproportionateimpactswilldevelopanunderstandingofhowthetotalpotentialimpactsvaryacrossindividualcommunities.Thisallowsanalyststoidentifyandunderstandwhatportionofthetotalimpactsmaybebornebyminorityorlowincomecommunities,toassesswhethertheyaredisproportionatelyhighandadverse,andtodevelopalternativesandmitigationmeasuresifnecessary. $ AsdescribedinChapter3,thefirststepinidentifyingthepotentialforenvironmentaljusticeconcernsistocharacterizethepopulationaffectedbytheproposedactionintermsofracialandethniccompositionandintermsofrelativeincomedistribution.Thecompositionofthepopulationshouldthenbecomparedtothecharacteristicsofthepopulation(e.g.,percentageofminoritypopulationsresidingnearaproposed N" projectversusthepercentageofminoritypopulationslocatedwithinasingleormultiplecountyareasurroundingtheproposedproject).Populationssurroundingtheproposedprojectshouldbecharacterizedintermsofincomedistributionlevels,aswellasintermsofracialandethnicdiversity. $ Manyofthepotentialeffectsthatmaybebornebyminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesmaybeanalyzedorassessedusingthesameanalyticaltoolsthatarecurrentlyusedinthedevelopmentofEAsandEISs.However,onceapotentialenvironmentaljusticeissueisidentified,thesetoolsmayneedtobemodifiedormorelikely,thescopeoftheanalysesmayneedtobenarrowedtofocusonasmalleraffectedareaorpopulation. $ Severaltypesofanalyticaltoolsarecurrentlyavailableandarebeingrefinedand/ormodifiedtoassistanalystsanddecisionmakersinidentifyingpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandassessingpotentiallydisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectsonminorityandlowincomecommunities.The 4/)* followingsectionsprovideanoverviewofsomeoftheavailabletoolsandthetypesofanalysesthatmaybeusefulforidentifyingandassessingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects(byevaluatingbothtotaleffectsandeffectsonasmallerscale).Itisnotanexhaustivelistingofavailabletools,sincemanytoolsforidentifyingandassessingenvironmentaljusticeconcernsarestillbeingdeveloped,anditisnotmeanttopromoteorendorseonetypeoftooloranalysisoveranyother.Theapplicationofanytoolisdependentuponthetypeofstudy,theparticularattributesoftheareaunderstudy,andthedataavailabletoundertakethestudy.  5.10 $ Locational/DistributionalTools N x $(#$(#  $ Maps,aerialphotographs,andgeographicalinformationsystems(GIS)canbeusedtolocategeographicalareaswherepotentialenvironmentaljusticeissuesmayexist.Localmapsandaerialphotographsmayprovidea"snapshot,"orgeneraloverview,ofthelocationsofminorityorlowincomepopulationsorcommunitiesandtheproximityoftheproposedprojecttothesepopulationsorcommunities.Theyalsocanidentifykeynaturalresourcesthatmaybeaffected.Althoughsuchtoolsarerelativelysimplistic,theymaybeusefulforidentifyingdistinctcommunitieswithinageographicalareasurroundingacandidatesite,andforidentifyingclustersoffacilitiesorsitesthatmaycontributetocumulativeimpactstoagivenregionorcommunity.Byconsultingmapsorphotographsthatdepictthelocationsofminorityorlowincomecommunities,aswellasmapsofthesamegeographicalareathatdepictthelocationsofhazardouswastefacilities,Superfundsites,ToxicsReleaseInventoryfacilitysites,and/orwastewaterdischarges,analystsandEPAdecisionmakerscangainageneralunderstandingofthespatialrelationshipsbetweentheproposedprojectandthesurroundingcommunities.ThesetoolscanassisttheEPANEPAanalystinidentifyingexistingsourcesofenvironmentalpollutionandtheirproximitytominorityand/orlowincomecommunities. $ Byconsultingmapsorphotographsthatdepictthelocationsofminorityorlowincomecommunities,aswellasmapsofthesamegeographicalareathatdepictthelocationsofhazardouswastefacilities,Superfundsites,ToxicsReleaseInventoryfacilitysites,and/orwastewaterdischarges,analystsandEPAdecisionmakerscangainageneralunderstandingofthespatialrelationshipsbetweentheproposedprojectandthesurroundingcommunities.Aerialphotographscanbeusedtoeffectivelydepicttheboundariesofanidentifiedcommunityandthespatialrelationshipthatexistsbetweenthecommunityandnaturalresourcesandknownpollutantsources.   $ Geographicinformationsystemsprovideamuchmorepowerfultoolforidentifyingandlocatingpopulationsofconcern.GIStechnologiesareusefulforcharacterizingenvironmentaljusticeissuesbyidentifyingthelocationsofminoritycommunitiesthatpotentiallymaybeaffectedbyproposedactionsandprovidingavisualunderstandingofhowpotentialimpactsmaybedistributedwithinageographicalarea.GISprovidesthetechnologyfordisplayingandoverlayinglocationalinformationandpopulationandsitecharacterizationinformationononeormoremaps.GISallowsforthevisualdisplayofvastamountsofspatiallyorientedinformation.Inaddition,GISsystemscanbeusedtodisplayalternative"whatif"scenariosandprovideforrelativelyquickandeasygeneralcomparisonsofthepotentialimpactspresentedbyalternativelocations. 9/)*  $ SeveralEPAHeadquartersandRegionalofficesareusingand/orinvestigatingtheuseofGIStechnologiesforidentifyingandanalyzingenvironmentaljusticeissues.GISsystemssuchasARCINFOandLandviewIIaregeographicreferencesorcomputerizedatlases.ThesesystemscancreatemapsusingdigitizedgeographicalboundaryfilessuchastheU.S.CensusBureauTIGER/Line'92files,andothercommerciallyavailabledigitizedboundaryfiles(e.g.,zipcodeboundaries,countyboundaries,waterbody   boundaries)todisplaylocationalinformationandgeographicalareas.GISsystemsalsocanincorporate,andgraphicallydisplayoncomputergeneratedmaps,otherpopulationanddemographicinformationthatisavailableindigitizedformat.LandviewIIincludes1990demographicandeconomicdatafromtheBureauofCensus,includingpopulationandhousingcharacteristicsandsummaryinformationonincome,educationlevels,employment,race,andage.Thecensusdataareavailableintwodatabases,STF1AandSTF3A,whichcontaindigitizeddatafiles.ThecensusdatabasesarethenspatiallylinkedtotheTIGERfilesthatcontaingeographicandpoliticalboundaries.Eachcountyinthecensusdatabaseisdividedintoseveralcensustractsthataresubdividedintocensusblocks.Theblocksareaggregatedintoblockgroupscontainingbetween250to550housingunits.Thislevelofdataaggregationallowstheusertoidentifylocationsofrelativelysmall,homogeneouscommunitiesandtovisualize,onthecomputerscreen,therelativeproximityofthesecommunitiestotheproposedprojectandmitigationactivities. $ GISallowsuserstoeasilydisplay,onasinglemap,generallocationalanddemographicinformation(e.g.,zipcodeboundaries,proposedfacilitysitelocations,pollutantconcentrations,incomelevel,ethnic d background,populationdensity).GISalsowillallowausertodisplaydataintermsofpolicyordecisioncriteria.Forexample,incomedistributiondataforindividualcensustractsmaybesegregatedbypercentofpopulationbelowthepovertylevel(e.g.,censusblocksshadeddifferentlytocorrespondtoareaswhere ^ 025percentofthepopulationisbelowthepovertylevel,2550percentisbelowthepovertylevel,etc.).GISalsocanintegrateadditionalcensusinformationoneducation,employment,race,andagetoproducegraphicdepictionsofallofthisinformationonasinglemaptoobtainacomprehensiveprofileofthecommunitiessurroundingtheproposedproject.Morethanoneprojectcanbedisplayedonasinglemaptoallowforacomparisonofpopulationcharacteristicssurroundingtheproposedproject.Again,themapsgeneratedbytheGISareusefultoolsforidentifyingminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiesthatshouldbetargetedforfurtherstudyduetopotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns. $ AlthoughtheavailabilityofcensusdemographicinformationindigitizedformatcansignificantlyenhanceNEPAanalyticalcapabilities,andcanbeparticularlyusefulforenvironmentaljusticeanalyses,theEPANEPAanalystshouldkeepinmindthattherearelimitationsassociatedwiththeaccuracyofcensusinformationduetothemannerinwhichthedataarecollectedandtabulated.Censusdataareusefulforscreeninganalyses,butresultsshouldalwaysbevalidatedthroughpublicparticipationmechanisms,otherdatasources,orbytouringthecommunityandtalkingwithlocalofficialsandcommunityleaders. $ ManyothertypesofinformationpertinenttoNEPAprojectevaluationsalsoareavailableforuseinGISsystems.Forexample,EPAhasmadeavailableportionsoftheToxicsReleaseInventory(TRI)database(includingfacilitylocations),theBiennialReportingSystem(BRS)database,theAerometricInformationRetrievalSystem(AIRS),theCERCLAInformationSystem(CERCLIS),andthePermitComplianceSystem(PCS),indigitizeddatafilesforuseinGISapplications.DOT'schemicalsintransitinformationisalsoavailableforGISapplications. 4/)* Ї $ ToenhancetheapplicabilityofGIStechnologiestoNEPAassessments,includingtheassessmentofpotentialcumulativeimpactsfromexistingandproposedprojects,thegeographicalanddemographicinformationprovidedinCensusdatabasescanbeintegratedwithotheravailableEPAinformation(e.g.,  facilitieslocatedwithinparticularzipcodesorcountiesthatreportedreleasesoremissionsofaparticularchemicalinTRIreports,locationsofNPLsites,etc.)andintegratedwithotherNEPAfactorsusingdigitizeddatasetsonsoils,powerlines,roads,streams,sourcesofelectricity,locationsofthreatenedandendangeredspecies,andexistingarchaeologicalsites.TheseadditionaldatasetsarereadilyavailablefromtheU.S.ForestService,theU.S.GeologicalSurvey,theDepartmentofCommerce,andstateandlocalgovernmentagencies.Additionalmapsdepictingcommunityspecificissues(e.g.,locationsofsubsistencefarmersand x  locationsofwaterbodiessupportingsubsistencefishingactivities)alsocanbecompiled,digitizedandincorporatedintoaGISsystemtofurtherdepictandanalyzemorespecificenvironmentaljusticeissuesandconcerns. $ OtherGIS,orcomputermapping,systemsthatmayenhanceNEPAanalysesofenvironmentaljusticeconcernsincludeCAMEO(ComputerAidedManagementofEmergencyOperations),ALOHA(AerialLocationsofHazardousAtmospheres)andAILESP(AmericanIndianLandsEnvironmentalSupportProject).CAMEOincludeschemicalspecificinformation,facilityspecificinformationfromEPA'sChemicalInventorydatabaseandTRIdatabase,andtransportationinformation.CAMEOintegratesMARPLOT,amappingapplicationtoolthatgeneratesmapsfromU.S.BureauofCensusTIGERfiles.ALOHAisamodelingtoolforestimatingthemovementanddispersionofgasesandestimatingpollutantconcentrationsdownwindfromthesourceofapotentialspilloremission.ALOHAfilescanbesavedandusedinaformatcompatiblewithCAMEO.AILESPincludespermittedfacilitiesonornearIndianlandsfromvariousEPAdatabases(e.g.,AIRS,BRS,NCDB,PCS,RCRIS,TRI,CERCLIS),poundsofchemicalsreleased,1994spillandonetimereleasedata,pesticideusebycounty,toxicweightingfactorsforTRIchemicals,twoyearinspectionandcomplianceinformation,1990populationandcensusstatistics,andstreamreacheswithfishadvisories,contaminatedsedimentsandcontaminatedfishtissue.  5.20 $ EcologicalandHumanHealthRiskAssessments  R $(#$(#  $ ExecutiveOrder12898providesforagenciestodetermineifaproposedactionwillresultindisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstominorityorlowincomepopulations.Duetothefactthatthecharacteristicsofthesepopulationsmaydiffersignificantlyfromthecharacteristicsofthelargeraffectedpopulation,analysesshouldaddressboththeminorityorlowincomepopulationandthecomparisonpopulations.SeeChapter2foradiscussionoftheenvironmentalandsocioeconomicfactorsthatshouldbeconsideredinidentifyingandassessingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects. $ EPAhasaformalriskanalysisprocesswhichconsistsoftworelated,butseparate,processes:riskassessmentandriskmanagement.Riskassessmentcharacterizesthelikelihoodforachemicalorsubstancetocauseadversehealtheffectstohumansandcanprovideameansforassessingthepossibleimpactsonapopulation,ifexposureoccurs.Riskassessmentprovidesanestimateoftheprobabilitythathumanexposuretoachemicalagentwillresultinanadversehealtheffecttotheexposedindividual,oranestimateoftheincidenceoftheeffectuponanexposedpopulation.Riskmanagementistheprocesswherebyitisdecidedwhatactionsareappropriate,givenanestimateofpotentialrisksanddueconsiderationtoother 9/)* relevantfactors.Informationdevelopedintheriskassessmentprocessisusedtoguidedecisionmakersindeterminingtheappropriateactiontotakewithintheriskmanagementprocess.Whenmakingriskmanagementdecisionsinthecontextofenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,anumberoffactorsshouldbeconsideredalongwithhumanhealthriskcalculationsorevaluations.Theseincludesocialconcerns,economicconcerns,andacceptanceoftheproposedactionbytheaffectedcommunities.Withinthecontextofriskmanagement,thereisanopportunitytoconsiderrelevantenvironmentaljusticeissues.Intheriskmanagementprocess,decisionsaremaderegardingacceptablelevelsofexposureandrisk. $ Riskassessment,asconductedbyEPA,conformstotheAgency'spublishedguidelinesthatincludefourdistinctparts:HazardIdentification,DoseResponseAnalysis,ExposureAssessment,andRiskCharacterization.Thesefourpartsprovidetheanalyticaltoolsforidentifyingdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Duringtheriskmanagementprocess,criteriamustbedevelopedtoguidetheweighingofinformation.Thesecriteriaprovidethebasisforriskbaseddecisionswithregardtodisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects.Forexample,riskassessmentsusuallydonotaccountforexposuretraitsofracialandethnicgroupsoraccuratelyaccountforactualenvironmentalharmtohumanhealthwherethepopulationdensityislow(e.g.,ruralcommunities,IndianCountry).Humanactivitypatternsgovernedbycustoms, j socialclass,andethnicandracialculturesmaybeintroducedandconsideredduringtheriskmanagementprocesstoallowfortheidentificationofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects. $ Toensurethatenvironmentaljusticeconcernsareconsideredwithintheriskmanagementprocess,riskassessmentsshouldbeconductedtodetermineexposurepathwaysandpotentialeffectsandtheaffectedcommunityshouldbeinvolvedinthedevelopmentandimplementationoftheprocess.ThiscanthenbeoverlaidwithinformationobtainedfromlocationalanalysesusingGISandcensusdataduringtheriskmanagementprocesstoidentifyminorityorlowincomepopulationsthatarelocatedwithintheidentifiedexposurepathways.Racial,ethnic,andculturalinformationcanthenbeusedtofurtherrefinetheriskmanagementprocesstoaccountfordisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects. $ ToenhancetheanalysisofdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectswithinEPA'shealthassessmentstudies,severaleffortsareunderwaytomakerelevanthealthandexposureinformationavailabletothesestudies.EPA'sOfficeofResearchandDevelopmentiscurrentlydevelopingtheNationalHumanExposureAssessmentSurvey(NHEXAS).Thissurveyisdesignedtogenerateahumanexposuredatabasetoaddresssomeofthegeographicanddemographicquestionsrelevanttoenvironmentaljusticeissues.NHEXASwilladdressexposureconcernsbyprovidinginformationonthemagnitude,extent,andcausesofhumanexposure. $ EPA'sOfficeofPolicy,Planning,andEvaluationiscurrentlydevelopinganenvironmentaljusticedatabasethatwillintegratehealtheffectsdatafromtheNationalHealthandNutritionExaminationSurveyIII(NHANESIII),demographicdatafromthe1990Census,environmentaldatafromairmonitoringstations,andtheToxicReleaseInventorydatabase.ThisdatabaseintegrationwillassistEPAstaffindevelopingdiseasecorrelationswithairexposuredatainhighimpactpopulations. $ EcologicalassessmentsconductedascomponentsofEAsandEISsgenerallyinvolveidentifyingthenaturalresources(e.g.,air,water,soils)thatwillbeusedbyproposedprojectoractivityandthepotentially 4/)* affectedenvironments(e.g.,watersheds,wetlands,wildlifehabitats)thatmaybeimpactedbytheproposed  project(includingalternatives).Afterageneralcataloginganddescriptionofthesurroundingenvironmentalandecologicalresourcesiscompiled,thepotentialchangesandimpactsoftheproposedactionandalternativeactionsareassessed.Often,theseanalysesdonotfullysubstantiatethebeneficialoradverseeffectsonthesurroundinggeographicalareaorcommunitieswithinthearea.Instead,impactsmaybedescribedgenerally,withanassumptionthattheyaredistributedequallyacrossallcommunitiesorresidentswithintheaffectedregionorarea.Asaconsequence,theanalysismayoverlookorignoreenvironmentaljusticeconcerns.Ifadverseimpactsarenotquantified,thenspecialconsiderationshouldbegiventowhetherpotentialimpactscouldbebornebyminoritycommunitiesorlowincomecommunitiesresidingwithinthelargerareaand,ifnecessary,separateanalysesshouldbedesignedandconductedtoassessthis.Asdiscussedabove,GISsystemscansometimesbeusedtoidentifysuchpopulationsandtocharacterizetheenvironmentswherethepopulationsreside.Inaddition,countyandstateplanningagenciesandhousingauthoritiesmaybeusefulsourcesofinformationforcharacterizingtheuniqueaspectsandvulnerabilitiesofthesepopulations. $ Ifenvironmental,ecological,orhumanhealthimpactstotheaffectedgeographicalareaarequantified,thedistributionofsuchimpactsshouldbeassessed.Thestudyshouldattempttoestimatetheproportionofimpactsbornebylowincomeand/orminoritypopulationswithintheareaofaprojectsimpactcomparedtothegeneralpopulationinandaroundtheproject,ortheprojectsregionofinfluence.WhiletraditionalriskmodelingmaynotalwaysbeusedintheNEPAprocess,impactassessmentsandriskmanagementtoolsshouldbetailoredtoreflectthecharacteristicsofthesecommunitiesandstudyassumptionsshouldreflectthecharacteristicsoftheindividualsresidinginlowincomecommunitiesandminoritypopulatedcommunities(i.e.,modelassumptionsshouldreflectthegeneralhealthoftheseindividualsandtheirgeneral \ livingconditionsanduniquelocationsrelativetopollutantsources).Whentailoringriskmanagementtoolstoconsiderthedistributionofimpactstolowincomeand/orminoritycommunities,differentialpatternsofsubsistenceconsumptionofnaturalresourcesshouldbeconsidered,includingdifferencesinratesofconsumptionforfish,vegetation,water,andwildlifeamongethnicgroupsandamongcultures.Further,itshouldberecognizedthatlandandwaterresourcesnotpredominantlyusedbythegeneralpopulationmaybeimportantsourcesofconsumption,economy,culturaluse,and/orrecreationforminorityand/orlowincomecommunities.Degradationoftheseresourcesmayresultindirectanddisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstominorityand/orlowincomecommunities.  5.30 $ SocioeconomicAnalyses  H% $(#$(#  $ Theanalysisandunderstandingofpotentialsocioeconomicimpactsisalsoimportant.CEQregulationsnotethateconomicorsocialeffectsalonedonottriggeranEIS(40CFR1508.14).However,if G("# environmentaljusticeconcernsareidentifiedduringthescreeninganalysisorduringthedevelopmentofanEA,thepotentialinterrelatedsocioeconomicimpactstoboththetotalaffectedpopulation(ora"control"population)andtothelowincomeand/orminoritycommunitiesofconcernshouldbeevaluated,totheextentpracticable.CulturalorSocialImpactAssessmentsareadditionaltoolsthatcanbeusedforanalyzingspecificsocioeconomicimpactstoacommunitythatsharesacommonculturalorspiritualenvironment.  ;.()  $ InthedevelopmentofEAsandEISs,deterministicmodelsaregenerallyusedtopredictpotential impactsthataparticularactionmayhaveuponparticulareconomicindicators(e.g.,thelevelofemployment  andchangestoincomedistributionorpropertyvalues)forthecommunitysurroundingtheproposedproject.Standardmodelsprovideforanalysesofthepotentialeffectsthatanactionmayhaveuponthelocaleconomyinboththeshortterm,duetotransientortemporaryactivities(e.g.,construction,facilityplanning   andstartupactivities),andthelongterm,duetosustainedimpactstothearea(e.g.,permanentemployment ~  opportunities,reductioninhousingquality,degradationofexistingenvironment).Generally,NEPAmodelingactivitiesmeasurepotentialshiftsinindicatorssuchasincomedistributionandemploymentlevelsacrossgeneralincomedistributioncategories(e.g.,percentagechangeinannualincometoportionof x  affectedpopulationearninglessthan$15,000,between$15,000to$20,000,etc.).Standardsocioeconomicmodelsalsocanbeusedtopredictimpactsthatproposedactionsandalternativesmayhaveuponavailablehousingstock,housingquality,andpropertyvalues. $ Generally,standardsocioeconomicmodelsareemployedtopredictshiftsandchangesinparticularsocioeconomicindicatorssuchasemployment,incomelevels,andhousingqualityuponalargegeographicalareaorpopulationcenter,oftenastandard,predefinedeconomictradearea.Thedataandinformationprovidedasinputstothemodelandassumptionsmadeinemployingthemodel(includingeconomicconditionsandmultipliers)broadlycharacterizetheentirepopulationofthelargegeographicalareaorpopulationcentersurroundingtheproposedproject.Theresultsofthesemodelingeffortsmayincludepotentialimpactstovariouscategorieswithintheoverallpopulationcharacterizedbyincomelevelorbyhousingcategory.However,thesemodelsgenerallydonotallow(oratleasthavenotbeenusedsoastoallow)foradistributionalanalysisofpotentialimpactstospecificcommunities,individualpopulations,ortosmallgeographicalareas. $ Topredictorcharacterizemoreaccuratelythepotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstominorityorlowincomecommunitiesandaccountforpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,standardsocioeconomicmodelscurrentlyusedforEAsandEISsmayhavetobemodifiedorspecificallytailoredtoaccountforanarrayofnewvariables,suchassubsistenceliving,treatyprotectedresources,culturaluseofnaturalresources,sacredsites,dependenceonpublictransit,communitycohesion,andarelativelyunskilledlaborbase.Environmentaljusticeissuesandconcernsmaybeintegratedintosometraditionalsocioeconomicanalysesbyfirstemployingscopingactivitiesandscreeningtoolstoidentifypotentialminorityand/orlowincomecommunitiespriortotheemploymentofspecificmodelingtechniques.Itthenmaybepossibletotailormodelingassumptionsandinputdataonspecificpopulationsortargetedcommunities,ratherthanapplystandardmodelingtechniquestolargeeconomictradeareasorstandardmetropolitanareasandusingaverageinputparametersthatmaynotreflectadequatelythecharacteristicsofminorityorlowincomecommunities(i.e.,altermodelassumptionstocharacterizethepopulation B("# affectedbytheenvironmentaljusticeconcern,ratherthencharacterizetheaverageindividualintheentirestudyarea).Asnotedabove,Censusdatabasescontaindemographicinformation(e.g.,incomelevels,race, >*$% age,employmentlevels)atthecensustractandcensusblocklevels.Otherpotentialsourcesofinformationincludetribal,stateandlocalplanningagencies,andstatehousing,commerce,andwelfareagencies.EPAanalystsshouldkeepinmindthatsomeinformationonthecharacteristicsoflocalcommunitiesandenvironmentsmaybeavailableonlyfromcommunityleaders,localgovernmentoffices,and/ormembersofthecommunity.Someinformationmaybeavailablefromtranscriptsofpublicconcernsraisedat 4/)* hearingsforothergovernmentprojectswithinthesameregion.Insomecases,analystsmayneedtoconductinterviewsoflocalcommunityleadersandmembersofthetargetedpopulation. $ Oneoptionformodifyingortailoringsocioeconomicanalysestoidentifyandevaluateenvironmentaljusticeconcernsistodevelopindexorrankingsystemsforidentifyingandscoringpotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffectstominorityand/orlowincomecommunities.Suchanindexorrankingsystemcouldbeappliedtospecificallydefinedortargetedareasandusedasascreeningtooltoidentifyenvironmentaljusticeconcernsincommunitiessurroundingoneormorecandidatelocations.Candidatelocationsthatresultinhighindexscoresorrankingscaneitherbedroppedfromconsideration,targetedforadditionalandmorethoroughsocioeconomicandriskanalysestoinvestigatefurtherpotentialdisproportionatelyhighandadverseeffects,ordevelopmentofadditionalalternativeactionsorprojectsdesignedtomitigateidentifiedimpacts. $ Anenvironmentaljusticescreeningindexmaybeassimpleasdefiningseverallevelsorcategoriesofpotentialimpacts(e.g.,changesinemploymentlevels,changesinincomelevels,andchangesinoverall l  healthlevels)ordefiningandscoringseveralsocioeconomicindicators(e.g.,dependenceonsubsistence j farmingorfishing,percentofpopulationbelowpovertylevel,averagepropertyvalue)andweighingeachcategoryofimpactastoitsimportancetocontributingtoenvironmentaljusticeissues.Decisioncriteria(e.g.,undertakefurtherdetailedsocialimpactanalyses,dropcandidatelocationfromconsideration)could d thenbesetfordifferentrangesofindexscoresorrankings.Theindexalsomaycombinepreliminaryinformationonpotentialeconomicimpactswithinformationonotherpotentialimpacts(e.g.,environmental ` degradation,airemissions)toassigndecisioncriteriaforadditionaltargetedanalysesorstudies.̚ $ EPARegion6   11      ׀developedarelativelysophisticatedrankingschemetodeterminewhetheran Z environmentaljusticeindicatorexists.Theformulaprovidesameansfordeterminingwhetheranenvironmentaljusticesituationexistsandincludesfactorssuchaspopulationexposed,degreeofimpactanddegreeofvulnerability. $  $ Region6evaluatessitesusinganenvironmentaljusticeformulaandranksfacilitiesoractionsonascaleof0to100.Regionalofficialspointoutthatalthoughhigherscorescanindicategreaterpotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcerns,thepopulationdensity,percentminoritypopulation,andpercentofeconomicallydepressedhouseholddataarethemoreimportantanalyticalfactors.Whenevaluatedindependently,theyoftenprovidegreaterinsightintopotentialenvironmentaljusticeconcernsandcanbeusedalonetoranksites.Also,theusershouldrealizethatevenalocationwithanindexrankingofzerocanhavesignificantenvironmentaljusticeconcerns.Forexample,anunpopulatedareawillrankazero,butifownedand/orusedbyminorityand/orlowincomegroups,thesitemayhavesignificantenvironmentaljusticeimportance.RecentexamplesofEPAsuseoftheEJindexincludethedraftEISforEaglePassMine,inMaverickCounty,Texas,andtheSupplementalDraftEISforExpansionoftheOak HillSurfaceLigniteMineintotheDIIIArea,RuskCounty,Texas.UtilizingtheEJindexonascaleof1 <+%& to100whereinhighervaluesindicatemoreconcern,neitherEISwarrantedacloserexaminationintoEJissues.    @S@N APPENDIXA  @CCouncilonEnvironmentalQuality@GGuidanceforAddressing@d d 2EnvironmentalJusticeUndertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct 󀀈              APPENDIXB   @44K RegionalContacts    Region1    RhonaJulien,EJCoordinator(#.T T /(617)5659454   BetsyHigginsCougram,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinatortt(#.N(617)5653422   JamesSappier,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.=(617)5653935   SusanCoin,NEPACoordinator(#.440(617)5653577    Region2    MelvaHayden,EJCoordinator(#. /(212)637502.4..7.   RobertHargrove,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.,,I(212)6373495   ChristineYost,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.>(212)6373564   BobHargrove,NEPACoordinator(#.2(212)6373504    Region3   ReginaldHarris,EJCoordinator(#.,,2(215)56629.05..88.  JohnForren,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.E(215)5662721  RoyDenmark,NEPACoordinator(#.1(215)5662782   Region4   ConnieRaines,EJCoordinator(#. 0(404)56296.64..71.  HeinzMueller,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.ttG(404)3477292  MarkRobertson,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.XX>(404)4629639  HeinzMueller,NEPACoordinator(#.  3(404)5629611 ~  Region5  z  KarlaJohnson,EJCoordinator(#. 1(312)886.2737..5993. }! MikeMcMullen,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.G(312)8867342 {" Ketutis CaseyAmbutas,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.G(312)3531394 y# MikeMcMullen,NEPACoordinator(#.3(312)8867342 w$  Region6  s& ! ShirleyAugerson,EJCoordinator(#.3(214)66574.46..01. v'!" MikeJansky,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.E(214)6657451 t("# ErnestWoods,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.<(214)6657454 r)#$ MikeJansky,NEPACoordinator(#.1(214)6657451 p*$%   n+%&  &   Region7   AltheaMoses,EJCoordinator(#. /(913)5517..976...649.  RalphLangermeier,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.K(913)5517367  KimOlsen,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.9(913)5517539  RalphLangermeier,NEPACoordinator(#.7(913)5517367'JԈ    Region8    ElisabethEvans,EJCoordinator(#.((2(303)3126.053...558...053.   CarolCampbell,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.H(303)3126705   SadieHoskie,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.dd<(303)3126343   CarolL.Campbell,NEPACoordinator(#.hh7(303)3126897   CarolCampbell,NEPACoordinator(Montana)(#.=(303)3126705    Region9    WillardChin,EJCoordinator(#.` ` /(415)744120.9..4.   DaveFarrel.EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.E(415)7441584  ClarenceTenley,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.\\?(415)7441607  DaveFarrel,NEPACoordinator(#.hh1(415)7441584   Region10   JoyceCrossonKelly,EJCoordinator(#.7(206)5534029  RuthSigueza,EPAEnvironmentalReviewCoordinator(#.F(206)5532143  KathleenVeit,IndianProgramCoordinator(#.=(206)5531983  RuthSiguenza,NEPACoordinator(#.3(206)5532143 }  Headquarters  y EJCoordinators $ AngelaChung,OA(#. *(202)2604724 z   $ WillWilson,OAR(#. *(919)5412551 x!  $ MaryOLone,OGC(#. )(202)2602301 v"  $ MarylouiseM.Uhlig,OPPTS(#.4(202)2602906 t#  $ JaniceC.Bryant,OPPE(#.\ \ 0(202)2602730 r$  $ JaniceBerryChen,ORO(#. 0(202)2606188 p%   $ SherryMilan,OECA(#. ,(202)5642619 n& !  $ DorettaReaves,OCEPA(#. /(202)2603534 l'!"  $ RosezellaCanty,OCR(#. .(202)2604567 j("#  $ LeoCox,OW(#.t t %(202)2603475 h)#$  $ DanaBrewington,OSWER(#./(202)2600221 f*$%  $ LawrenceMartin,ORD(#.D D .(202)2600673 d+%&   `-'(  &K&&!&K  APPENDIXC #!&K&&&K#   References     0 $  0$$(#$(#  0$$(#$(#  CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.March1998.GuidanceforAddressingEnvironmentalJusticeundertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct(NEPA). $(#$(# 0 $  CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.January1997.ConsideringCumulativeEffectsUndertheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyAct. $(#$(# 0 $  CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.November17,1980.GuidanceonApplyingSection404(r)oftheCleanWaterActtoFederalProjectsWhichInvolvetheDischargeofDredgedorFillMaterialsintoWatersoftheU.S.,IncludingWetlands. $(#$(# 0 $  CouncilonEnvironmentalQuality.March23,1981.FortyMostAskedQuestionsConcerningCEQ'sNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActRegulations,asamended.46Fed.Reg.18026. $(#$(# 0 $  Earnhardt,Melany.1995.UsingtheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActtoAddressEnvironmentalJusticeIssues.ClearinghouseReview. $(#$(# 0 $  EnvironmentalJusticeResourceCenter.PeopleofColorEnvironmentalGroups:19941995Directory. l PreparedbyRobertD.Bullard,ClarkAtlantaUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia. $(#$(# 0 $  0$$(#$(#  ExecutiveOrder12898onFederalActionstoAddressEnvironmentalJusticeinMinorityPopulationsandLowIncomePopulationswithaccompanyingMemorandum.February11,1994. $(#$(# 0 $  ExecutiveOrder13007onIndianSacredSites.May24,1996. `$(#$(#  0 $  InteragencyWorkingGrouponEnvironmentalJustice(IWG).DraftGuidanceforFederalAgenciesonKeyTermsinExecutiveOrder12898. August8,1995. Z!$(#$(#  0 $  NationalEnforcementTrainingInstitute.December1996.EnvironmentalJusticeTrainingforEnforcementPersonnel:Trainer'sManual. $(#$(# TheNationalEnvironmentalPolicyActof1969asamended.42U.S.C.43214347.January1,1970.0 $  Ross,HeatherE.1994.UsingNEPAintheFightforEnvironmentalJustice.WilliamandMaryJournalofEnvironmentalLaw.Volume18:285. $(#$(# 0 $  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.1996.TheModelPlanforPublicParticipation. $(#$(# 0 $  U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofFederalActivities.October3,1984.PolicyandProceduresfortheReviewofFederalActionsImpactingtheEnvironment. $(#$(#  C/)* 0 $  U.S.GeneralAccountingOffice.June1,1983.SitingofHazardousWasteLandfillsandTheirCorrelationwithRacialandEconomicStatusofSurroundingCommunities. $(#$(#